@article{fdi:010077009,
  title = {{C}o-infection of bacteria and protozoan parasites in {I}xodes ricinus nymphs collected in the {A}lsace region, {F}rance},
  author = {{N}ebbak, {A}. and {D}ahmana, {H}. and {A}lmeras, {L}. and {R}aoult, {D}. and {B}oulanger, {N}. and {J}aulhac, {B}. and {M}ediannikov, {O}leg and {P}arola, {P}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{F}ifty nymphal {I}xodes ricinus ticks collected in {A}lsace, {F}rance, identified by morphological criteria and using {MALDI}-{TOF} {MS}, were tested by {PCR} to detect tick-associated bacteria and protozoan parasites. {S}eventy percent (35/50) of ticks contained at least one microorganism; 26% (9/35) contained two or more species. {S}everal human pathogens were identified including {B}orrelia burgdorferi s.s. (4%), {B}orrelia afzelii (2%), {B}orrelia garinii (2%), {B}orrelia valaisiana (4%), {B}orrelia miyamotoi (2%), {R}ickettsia helvetica (6%) and "{B}abesia venatorum" (2%). {B}artonella spp. (10%) and a {W}olbachia spp. (8%) were also detected. {T}he most common co-infections involved {A}naplasmataceae with {B}orrelia spp. (4%), {A}naplasmataceae with {B}artonella spp. (6%) and {A}naplasmataceae with {R}ickettsia spp. (6%). {C}o-infection involving three different groups of bacteria was seen between bacteria of the family {A}naplasmataceae, {B}orrelia spp. and {B}artonella spp. (2%). {R}esults highlight the panel of infectious agents carried by {I}xodes ricinus. {C}o-infection suggests the possibility of transmission of more than one pathogen to human and animals during tick blood feeding.},
  keywords = {{I}xodes ricinus ; {C}o-infection ; {B}acterial pathogens ; {P}rotozoan parasites ; {MALDI}-{TOF} {MS} ; {FRANCE} ; {ALSACE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{T}icks and {T}ick-{B}orne {D}iseases},
  volume = {10},
  numero = {6},
  pages = {art. 101241 [5 p.]},
  ISSN = {1877-959{X}},
  year = {2019},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.06.001},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010077009},
}