Sime-Ngando T. auteur aut IRD Bertrand J.C. auteur aut IRD Bogusz Didier auteur aut IRD Brugère J.F. auteur aut IRD Franche Claudine auteur aut IRD Fardeau Marie-Laure auteur aut IRD Froussart Emilie auteur aut IRD Geiger Anne auteur aut IRD Soledad Goñi Urriza Maria auteur aut IRD Ollivier Bernard auteur aut IRD O'Toole P. auteur aut IRD text bookSection eng text/pdf born digital access In natural world, no organism exists in absolute isolation, and thus every organism must interact with the environment and other organisms. Next-generation sequencing technologies are increasingly revealing that most of the cells in the environment resist cultivation in the laboratory and several prokaryotic divisions have no known cultivated representatives. Based on this, we hypothesize that species that live together in the same ecosystem are more or less dependent upon each other and are very large in diversity and number, outnumbering those that can be isolated in single-strain laboratory culture. In natural environments, bacteria and archaea interact with other organisms (viruses, protists, fungi, animals, plants, and human) in complex ecological networks, resulting in positive, negative, or no effect on one or another of the interacting partners. These interactions are sources of ecological forces such as competitive exclusion, niche partitioning, ecological adaptation, or horizontal gene transfers, which shape the biological evolution. In this chapter, we review the biological interactions involving prokaryotes in natural ecosystems, including plant, animal, and human microbiota, and give an overview of the insights into the evolution of living beings. We conclude that studies of biological interactions, including multipartite interactions, are sources of novel knowledge related to the biodiversity of living things, the functioning of ecosystems, the evolution of the cellular world, and the ecosystem services to the living beings. specialized 021 084 020 Bertrand J.C. ed. edt IRD Normand P. ed. edt IRD Ollivier Bernard ed. edt IRD Sime-Ngando ed. edt IRD 241-338 Cham Springer 2018 https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010076873 10.1007/978-3-319-99784-1_5 978-3-319-99782-7 [F A010076869] https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010076873 https://www.documentation.ird.fr/intranet/publi/depot/2019-10-28/010076873.pdf Accès réservé (Intranet de l'IRD) IRD - Base Horizon / Pleins textes 2019-10-22 2023-02-17 fdi:010076873 fre