Genomic evidence for local adaptation of hunter-gatherers to the African rainforest Lopez, M. Choin, J. Sikora, M. Siddle, K. Harmant, C. Costa, H. A. Silvert, M. Mouguiama-Daouda, P. Hombert, J. M. /Froment, Alain Le Bomin, S. Perry, G. H. Barreiro, L. B. Bustamante, C. D. Verdu, P. Patin, E. Quintana-Murci, L. African rainforests support exceptionally high biodiversity and host the world's largest number of active hunter-gatherers [1-3]. The genetic history of African rainforest hunter-gatherers and neighboring farmers is characterized by an ancient divergence more than 100,000 years ago, together with recent population collapses and expansions, respectively [4-12]. While the demographic past of rainforest hunter-gatherers has been deeply characterized, important aspects of their history of genetic adaptation remain unclear. Here, we investigated how these groups have adapted-through classic selective sweeps, polygenic adaptation, and selection since admixture-to the challenging rainforest environments. To do so, we analyzed a combined dataset of 566 high-coverage exomes, including 266 newly generated exomes, from 14 populations of rainforest hunter-gatherers and farmers, together with 40 newly generated, low-coverage genomes. We find evidence for a strong, shared selective sweep among all hunter-gatherer groups in the regulatory region of TRPS1-primarily involved in morphological traits. We detect strong signals of polygenic adaptation for height and life history traits such as reproductive age; however, the latter appear to result from pervasive pleiotropy of height-associated genes. Furthermore, polygenic adaptation signals for functions related to responses of mast cells to allergens and microbes, the IL-2 signaling pathway, and host interactions with viruses support a history of pathogen-driven selection in the rainforest. Finally, we find that genes involved in heart and bone development and immune responses are enriched in both selection signals and local hunter-gatherer ancestry in admixed populations, suggesting that selection has maintained adaptive variation in the face of recent gene flow from farmers. 2019 text https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010076674 fdi:010076674 Lopez M., Choin J., Sikora M., Siddle K., Harmant C., Costa H. A., Silvert M., Mouguiama-Daouda P., Hombert J. M., Froment Alain, Le Bomin S., Perry G. H., Barreiro L. B., Bustamante C. D., Verdu P., Patin E., Quintana-Murci L.. Genomic evidence for local adaptation of hunter-gatherers to the African rainforest. 2019, 29 (17), 2926-2935 + 4 p. EN AFRIQUE CENTRALE CONGO BASSIN CAMEROUN GABON OUGANDA