@article{fdi:010075696,
  title = {{E}xperimental infection of sand flies by massilia virus and viral transmission by co-feeding on sugar meal},
  author = {{J}ancarova, {M}. and {B}ichaud, {L}. and {H}lavacova, {J}. and {P}riet, {S}. and {A}yhan, {N}azli and {S}pitzova, {T}. and {V}olf, {P}. and {C}harrel, {R}. {N}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground: {M}assilia virus ({MASV}) is a phlebovirus isolated from {P}hlebotomus perniciosus in various regions of southwestern {E}urope. {I}t is closely related to human pathogens such as {T}oscana virus and sandfly fever {N}aples virus. {T}he natural cycle of phleboviruses is poorly understood. {I}ndeed, experimental studies demonstrate that transovarial and sexual transmission are not efficient enough for the maintenance of the virus in nature and to date there is no convincing evidence that a species of vertebrates is the reservoir of the virus. {H}ere, we studied various transmission routes of {MASV} taking advantage of experimental colonies representing different species of sand flies. {M}ethodology/{P}rincipal findings: {I}n {P}. perniciosus, four sources of infection were compared: (i) {V}irus-seeded larval food to the first instar larvae ({L}1), or (ii) to the fourth instar larvae ({L}4), (iii) virus-seeded blood meal to adult females, and (iv) virus-seeded sugar meal to adults of both sexes. {F}rom 875 adults emerged from infected {L}1 and {L}4, only three were positive. {I}n females infected by bloodmeal the infection rate was high before defecation, then it decreased drastically; {MASV} {RNA} was detected in only 5 out of 27 post-defecation. {S}urprisingly, the most efficient route of infection was observed after intake of virus-seeded sugar meal: 72% of females (79/110) and 52% of males (51/99) were found to be {MASV} {RNA}-positive. {I}n addition, {MASV}-infected sandflies regurgitated virus particules into the sugar drop and {MASV} {RNA} was detectable in this drop for at least 24 h after regurgitation. {MASV} {RNA} was detected in about one third of the {P}. perniciosus exposed to this sugar drop contaminated by regurgitation. {S}ugar meal infection was also tested with six other species of sand flies. {I}n males, there were no significant differences in infection rates when compared to {P}. perniciosus. {I}n females, most species tested showed high infection rate at the beginning but then significant gradual decrease in infection rate during the experiment. {C}onclusions/{S}ignificance: {W}e present the first description of arboviral infection of a dipteran vector using sugar meal. {I}n all seven sand fly species tested, {MASV} was detected for two weeks post-infection. {O}ur results showed that {MASV} can be transmitted between {P}. perniciosus either through co-feeding or via an infected sugar source such as plant sap. {T}hese newly described routes of horizontal transmission may play an important role in the circulation of phleboviruses in nature.},
  keywords = {{P}hlebovirus ; virus transmission ; {P}hlebotomus ; {L}utzomyia ; {S}ergentomyia ; {P}henuiviridae ; {T}oscana virus ; sand fly},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{V}iruses},
  volume = {11},
  numero = {4},
  pages = {art. 332 [15 p.]},
  ISSN = {1999-4915},
  year = {2019},
  DOI = {10.3390/v11040332},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010075696},
}