@article{fdi:010075568,
  title = {{S}alt in stools is associated with obesity, gut halophilic microbiota and {A}kkermansia muciniphila depletion in humans},
  author = {{S}eck, {E}. {H}. and {S}enghor, {B}. and {M}erhej, {V}. and {B}achar, {D}. and {C}adoret, {F}. and {R}obert, {C}. and {A}zhar, {E}. {I}. and {Y}asir, {M}. and {B}ibi, {F}. and {J}iman-{F}atani, {A}. {A}. and {K}onate, {D}. {S}. and {M}usso, {D}. and {D}oumbo, {O}. and {S}okhna, {C}heikh and {L}evasseur, {A}. and {L}agier, {J}. {C}. and {K}helaifia, {S}. and {M}illion, {M}. and {R}aoult, {D}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground/objectives {H}igh salt intake has been linked to several diseases including obesity and an increased risk of death; however, fecal salinity and the ability of salt to alter the gut microbiota, which was recently identified as an instrumental factor for health and disease, remains poorly explored. {M}ethods/subjects {W}e analyzed the fecal samples of 1326 human individuals for salinity by refractometry, 572 for gut microbiota by culturomics, and 164 by 16{S} r{RNA}-targeted metagenomics. {G}eographical origin, age, gender, and obesity were tested as predictors of fecal salinity and halophilic diversity. {A}ll halophilic isolates were characterized by tax-onogenomics and their genome sequenced. {R}esults {F}ecal salinity was associated with obesity independently of geographical origin, gender, and age. {T}he first 2 human-associated halophilic archaeal members were isolated along with 64 distinct halophilic species, including 21 new species and 41 known in the environment but not in humans. {N}o halophiles grow in less than 1.5% salinity. {A}bove this threshold, the richness of the halophilic microbiota was correlated with fecal salinity (r = 0.58, p < 0.0001). 16{S} metagenomics linked high fecal salinity to decreased diversity (linear regression, p < .035) and a depletion in anti-obesity {A}kkermansia muciniphila and {B}ifidobacterium, specifically {B}. longum and {B}. adolescentis. {G}enomics analysis suggested that halophilic microbes are not only transient passengers but may be residents of the human gut. {C}onclusions {H}igh salt levels are associated with alteration of the gut microbial ecosystem and halophilic microbiota, as discovered during this study. {F}urther studies should clarify if the gut microbiota alterations associated with high salt levels and the human halophilic microbiota could be causally related to human disease, such as obesity.},
  keywords = {},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{I}nternational {J}ournal of {O}besity},
  volume = {43},
  numero = {4},
  pages = {862--871},
  ISSN = {0307-0565},
  year = {2019},
  DOI = {10.1038/s41366-018-0201-3},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010075568},
}