@article{fdi:010075279,
  title = {{I}mpact of sunlight exposure on the residual efficacy of biolarvicides {B}acillus thuringiensis israelensis and {B}acillus sphaericus against the main malaria vector, {A}nopheles gambiae},
  author = {{Z}ogo, {B}. and {T}chiekoi, {B}. {N}. and {K}offi, {A}. {A}. and {D}ahounto, {A}. and {A}lou, {L}. {P}. {A}. and {D}abire, {R}. {K}. and {B}aba-{M}oussa, {L}. and {M}oiroux, {N}icolas and {P}ennetier, {C}{\'e}dric},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground: {B}iotic and abiotic factors have been reported to affect the larvicidal efficacy of {B}acillus thuringiensis israelensis ({B}ti) and {B}acillus sphaericus ({B}s), although the extent to which they are affected has been poorly documented. {T}his paper studies the effect of sunlight exposure on the efficacy of a new larvicide formulation based on both {B}ti and {B}s, herein after referred to as {BTBSWAX}, applied against two different larval stages. {M}ethods: {T}he emergence of inhibition exhibited by {BTBSWAX} at three different dosages (1 g/m(2), 1.5 g/m(2), and 2 g/m(2)) was monitored under semi-field conditions using a total of 32 containers comprising 16 that were covered and 16 that were uncovered. {T}wo experiments were conducted using first- and second-instar larvae of {A}nopheles gambiae, respectively. {R}esults: {BTBSWAX} at 2 g/m(2) in covered containers exhibited high emergence inhibition (>80%) when larvae were exposed from 1st instar on day-6 post-treatment, whereas the emergence inhibition was only 28% in uncovered containers. {F}or larvae exposed from 1st instar on day-12 post-treatment, the emergence inhibition was moderate (70%) in covered containers but was low (<20%) in uncovered containers. {F}or larvae exposed from 2nd instar on day-10 post-treatment, the emergence inhibition was moderate (31%) in covered containers but was very low (<10%) in uncovered containers. {M}oreover, the residual efficacy of {BTBSWAX} was markedly affected by environmental stresses, including sunlight exposure ({H}azard ratio ({HR}) = 0.12, p < 0.001 and {HR} = 0.63, p = 0.033 for {BTBSWAX} at 2 g/m(2) against 1st and 2nd instar larvae, respectively). {C}onclusion: {T}hese findings emphasize the impact of environmental variables (e.g., sunlight exposure) on the residual efficacy of {B}ti and {B}s biolarvicides in the field. {T}hey hence highlight the need to take these factors into account for larvicide formulation development processes. {M}oreover, studies of the ecology of {A}nopheles larvae in targeted areas are also crucial for the integration of larval control strategies into malaria transmission plans devised by national malaria control programmes of endemic countries.},
  keywords = {{B}acillus thuringiensis israelensis ; {B}acillus sphaericus ; {R}esidual ; efficacy ; {S}unlight ; {L}arval instars},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{M}alaria {J}ournal},
  volume = {18},
  numero = {},
  pages = {55 [9 ]},
  ISSN = {1475-2875},
  year = {2019},
  DOI = {10.1186/s12936-019-2687-0},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010075279},
}