@article{fdi:010072690,
  title = {{I}nvestigating insecticide resistance and knock-down resistance (kdr) mutation in {D}ielmo, {S}enegal, an area under long lasting insecticidal-treated nets universal coverage for 10 years},
  author = {{T}hiaw, {O}. and {D}oucour{\'e}, {S}. and {S}ougoufara, {S}. and {B}ouganali, {C}. and {K}onat{\'e}, {L}. and {D}iagne, {N}. and {F}aye, {O}. and {S}okhna, {C}heikh},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground: {T}he use of insecticides, through indoor residual spraying and long-lasting insecticide-treated nets ({LLIN}s), is essential to control malaria vectors. {H}owever, the sustainability of these tools is challenged by the spread of insecticide resistance in {A}nopheles mosquitoes. {T}his study was conducted to assess the susceptibility to insecticides and to determine the resistance mechanisms in malaria vectors in {D}ielmo, a rural area of western {S}enegal where {LLIN}s were introduced a decade ago. {M}ethods: {CDC} bottle bioassays were used to determine the susceptibility of 2-5 day-old unfed {A}nopheles gambiae s.l. females to alphacypermethrin (12.5 mu g/bottle), deltamethrin (12.5 mu g/bottle), etofenprox (12.5 mu g/bottle), lambdacyhalothrin (12.5 mu g/bottle), permethrin (21.5 mu g/bottle), {DDT} (100 mu g/bottle), bendiocarb (12.5 mu g/bottle), pirimiphos-methyl (20 mu g/bottle) and fenitrothion (50 mu g/bottle). {T}he involvement of glutathione-{S}-transferases ({GST}s) in insecticide resistance was assessed using a synergist, etacrynic acid ({EA}, 80 mu g/bottle). {P}olymerase chain reaction ({PCR}) was used to investigate the presence of 'knock-down resistance (kdr)' mutation and to identify sibling species within the {A}n. gambiae complex. {R}esults: {CDC} bottle bioassays showed that mosquitoes were fully susceptible to lambdacyhalothrin, bendiocarb and fenitrothion. {O}verall, mortality rates of 97, 94.6, 93.5, 92.1, and 90.1% were, respectively, observed for permethrin, deltamethrin, pirimiphos-methyl, etofenprox and alphacypermethrin. {R}esistance to {DDT} was observed, with a mortality rate of 62%. {T}he use of {EA} significantly improved the susceptibility of {A}n. gambiae s.l. to {DDT} by inhibiting {GST}s (p = 0.03). {PCR} revealed that {A}nopheles arabiensis was the predominant species (91.3%; {IC} 95 86.6-94%) within {A}n. gambiae complex from {D}ielmo, followed by {A}nopheles coluzzii (5.4%; {IC} 95 2.7-8.1%) and {A}nopheles gambiae s. s. (3.3%; {IC} 95 0.6-5.9%). {B}oth 1014{F} and 1014{S} alleles were found in {A}n. arabiensis population with frequencies of 0.08 and 0.361, respectively, and 0.233 and 0.133, respectively in {A}n. coluzzii. {I}n {A}n. gambiae s. s. population, only kdr {L}1014{F} mutation was detected, with a frequency of 0.167. {I}t was observed that some individual mosquitoes carried both alleles, with 19 specimens recorded for {A}n. arabiensis and 2 for {A}n. coluzzii. {T}he presence of {L}1014{F} and {L}1014{S} alleles were not associated with resistance to pyrethroids and {DDT} in {A}n. arabiensis. {C}onclusions: {T}he co-occurrence of 1014{F} and 1014{S} alleles and the probable involvement of {GST}s enzymes in insecticide resistance in {A}n. gambiae s.l. should prompt the local vector programme to implement non-pyrethroid/{DDT} insecticides alternatives.},
  keywords = {{LLIN}s ; {I}nsecticide resistance ; kdr ; {M}etabolic resistance ; {A}nopheles arabiensis ; {A}nopheles coluzzii ; {A}nopheles gambiae s.s. ; {V}ector control ; {D}ielmo ; {S}enegal ; {SENEGAL} ; {DIELMO}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{M}alaria {J}ournal},
  volume = {17},
  numero = {},
  pages = {art. 123 [11 p.]},
  ISSN = {1475-2875},
  year = {2018},
  DOI = {10.1186/s12936-018-2276-7},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010072690},
}