Horizon 1 1 17 ACL : Articles dans des revues avec comité de lecture répertoriées par l'AERES Nature Ecology and Evolution 1903-1911 ZONE TROPICALE 2017 fdi:010071879 ENG Nature Ecology and Evolution 2397-334X ISI:000417194600020 12 10.1038/s41559-017-03487 https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010071879 https://www.documentation.ird.fr/intranet/publi/2017/12/010071879.pdf 1 Horizon (IRD) Animal-mediated seed dispersal by frugivorous birds and mammals is central to the ecology and functioning of ecosystems, but whether and how frugivory-related traits have affected plant speciation remains little explored. Fruit size is directly linked to plant dispersal capacity and therefore influences gene flow and genetic divergence of plant populations. Using a global species-level phylogeny with comprehensive data on fruit sizes and plant species distributions, we test whether fruit size has affected speciation rates of palms (Arecaceae), a plant family characteristic of tropical rainforests. Globally, the results reveal that palms with small fruit sizes have increased speciation rates compared with those with large (megafaunal) fruits. Speciation of small-fruited palms is particularly high in the understory of tropical rainforests in the New World, and on islands in the Old World. This suggests that frugivory-related traits in combination with geography and the movement behaviour of frugivores can influence the speciation of fleshy-fruited plants. 076 ; 080 ; 082 UR232