de Souza N. P. auteur aut IRD de Lira P. I. C. auteur aut IRD Fontbonne Annick auteur aut IRD Pinto F. C. D. auteur aut IRD Cesse E. A. P. auteur aut IRD text journalArticle eng text/pdf reformatted digital access The current context of intense social, economic and political transformations has contributed to changes in the health profile of the population and generated discussions about the impact of these changes on the reorganization of society. At the present moment, the increase in non-communicable illnesses and diseases raises major concerns about the paradox of malnutrition and obesity. Based on an in-depth reading and interpretation of texts, documents and databases, this article discusses issues related to nutrition, considering the dimensions of shortages and excesses, the evolution of nutrition over time, and the connection with the new epidemiological trend. We begin with a conceptual characterization, the historical background and the anthropological connections with the guiding theme of the article. We then describe the prevalence, distribution and secular trend of malnutrition and obesity, as well as the temporal relationship with the new epidemiological trend in Brazil within a context of development and inequalities. Finally, we reflect on the issue of (mal) nutrition in post-modernity, the new interests at stake in the health-disease process, as well as international experiences and strategies of partnerships designed to overcome these problems. We conclude by discussing some current advances and challenges in relation to the complexity and speed of contemporary changes. specialized Nutritional transition Inequality Development International cooperation BRESIL 054 095 22 7 2257-2266 2017 1413-8123 https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010070361 10.1590/1413-81232017227.03042017 1413-8123 [F B010070361] https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010070361 https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers17-08/010070361.pdf IRD - Base Horizon / Pleins textes 2017-09-05 2023-07-11 fdi:010070361 fre