@article{fdi:010063656,
  title = {{P}henotypic effects of concomitant insensitive acetylcholinesterase (ace-1({R})) and knockdown resistance (kdr({R})) in {A}nopheles gambiae : a hindrance for insecticide resistance management for malaria vector control},
  author = {{A}ssogba, {B}. {S}. and {D}jogbenou, {L}. {S}. and {S}aizonou, {J}. and {M}ilesi, {P}. and {D}jossou, {L}. and {D}jegbe, {I}. and {O}umbouke, {W}. {A}. and {C}handre, {F}abrice and {B}aba-{M}oussa, {L}. and {W}eill, {M}. and {M}akoutode, {M}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground: {M}alaria is endemic in sub-{S}aharan {A}frica with considerable burden for human health. {M}ajor insecticide resistance mechanisms such as kdr({R}) and ace-1({R}) alleles constitute a hindrance to malaria vector control programs. {A}nopheles gambiae bearing both kdr and ace-1 resistant alleles are increasingly recorded in wild populations. {I}n order to maintain the efficacy of vector control strategies, the characterization of concomitant kdr and ace-1 resistance, and their pleiotropic effects on malaria vector phenotype on insecticide efficacy are important. {M}ethods: {L}arval and adult bioassays were performed with different insecticide classes used in public health following {WHO} standard guidelines on four laboratory {A}nopheles gambiae strains, sharing the same genetic background but harboring distinct resistance status: {KISUMU} with no resistance allele; {ACERKIS} with ace-1({R}) allele; {KISKDR} with kdr({R}) allele and {ACERKDRKIS} with both resistance alleles' ace-1({R}) and kdr({R}). {R}esults: {L}arval bioassays indicate that the homozygote resistant strain harboring both alleles ({ACERKDRKIS}) displayed slightly but significantly higher resistance level to various insecticides like carbamates (bendiocarb, p < 0.001; propoxur, p = 0.02) and organophosphates (chlorpyriphos-methyl, p = 0.002; fenitrothion, p < 0.001) when compared to {ACERKIS} strain. {H}owever, no differences were recorded between {ACERKDRKIS} and {KISKDR} resistance level against permethrin ({P}yrethroid, p = 0.7) and {DDT} ({O}rganochlorine, p = 0.24). {F}or adult bioassays, the percentages of mosquitoes knocked down were significantly lower for {ACERKDRKIS} than for {KISKDR} with permethrin (p = 0.003) but not with deltamethrin. {T}he percentage of mortality from adult bioassays was similar between {ACERKDRKIS} and {ACERKIS} with carbamates and organophosphates, or between {ACERKDRKIS} and {KISKDR} with pyrethroid and {DDT}. {C}oncerning acetylcholinesterase enzyme, {ACERKDRKIS} strain showed similar{AC}h{E}1 activity than that of {ACERKIS}. {C}onclusion: {T}he presence of both kdr({R}) and ace-1({R}) alleles seems to increase the resistance levels to both carbamate and organophosphate insecticides and at operational level, may represent an important threat to malaria vector control programs in {W}est {A}frica.},
  keywords = {{A}nopheles gambiae ; {I}nsecticide resistance genes ; {C}oncomitant effects ; {M}alaria ; {V}ector control ; {AFRIQUE} {DE} {L}'{OUEST}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{P}arasites and {V}ectors},
  volume = {7},
  numero = {},
  pages = {art. 548 [9 ]},
  ISSN = {1756-3305},
  year = {2014},
  DOI = {10.1186/s13071-014-0548-9},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010063656},
}