@article{fdi:010061933,
  title = {{ENSO} representation in climate models : from {CMIP}3 to {CMIP}5},
  author = {{B}ellenger, {H}. and {G}uilyardi, {E}. and {L}eloup, {J}ulie and {L}engaigne, {M}atthieu and {V}ialard, {J}{\'e}r{\^o}me},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{W}e analyse the ability of {CMIP}3 and {CMIP}5 coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models ({CGCM}s) to simulate the tropical {P}acific mean state and {E}l {N}io-{S}outhern {O}scillation ({ENSO}). {T}he {CMIP}5 multi-model ensemble displays an encouraging 30 % reduction of the pervasive cold bias in the western {P}acific, but no quantum leap in {ENSO} performance compared to {CMIP}3. {CMIP}3 and {CMIP}5 can thus be considered as one large ensemble ({CMIP}3 + {CMIP}5) for multi-model {ENSO} analysis. {T}he too large diversity in {CMIP}3 {ENSO} amplitude is however reduced by a factor of two in {CMIP}5 and the {ENSO} life cycle (location of surface temperature anomalies, seasonal phase locking) is modestly improved. {O}ther fundamental {ENSO} characteristics such as central {P}acific precipitation anomalies however remain poorly represented. {T}he sea surface temperature ({SST})-latent heat flux feedback is slightly improved in the {CMIP}5 ensemble but the wind-{SST} feedback is still underestimated by 20-50 % and the shortwave-{SST} feedbacks remain underestimated by a factor of two. {T}he improvement in {ENSO} amplitudes might therefore result from error compensations. {T}he ability of {CMIP} models to simulate the {SST}-shortwave feedback, a major source of erroneous {ENSO} in {CGCM}s, is further detailed. {I}n observations, this feedback is strongly nonlinear because the real atmosphere switches from subsident (positive feedback) to convective (negative feedback) regimes under the effect of seasonal and interannual variations. {O}nly one-third of {CMIP}3 + {CMIP}5 models reproduce this regime shift, with the other models remaining locked in one of the two regimes. {T}he modelled shortwave feedback nonlinearity increases with {ENSO} amplitude and the amplitude of this feedback in the spring strongly relates with the models ability to simulate {ENSO} phase locking. {I}n a final stage, a subset of metrics is proposed in order to synthesize the ability of each {CMIP}3 and {CMIP}5 models to simulate {ENSO} main characteristics and key atmospheric feedbacks.},
  keywords = {{PACIFIQUE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{C}limate {D}ynamics},
  volume = {42},
  numero = {7-8},
  pages = {1999--2018},
  ISSN = {0930-7575},
  year = {2014},
  DOI = {10.1007/s00382-013-1783-z},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010061933},
}