@article{fdi:010061419,
  title = {{P}roposed use of spatial mortality assessments as part of the pesticide evaluation scheme for vector control},
  author = {{M}osqueira, {B}. and {C}habi, {J}. and {C}handre, {F}abrice and {A}kogbeto, {M}. and {H}ougard, {J}ean-{M}arc and {C}arnevale, {P}ierre and {M}as-{C}oma, {S}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground: {T}he {WHO} {P}esticide {E}valuation {S}cheme to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides does not include the testing of a lethal effect at a distance. {A} tool was developed to evaluate the spatial mortality of an insecticide product against adult mosquitoes at a distance under laboratory and field conditions. {O}perational implications are discussed. {M}ethods: {I}nsecticide paint, {I}nesfly 5{A} {IGR} ({TM}), containing two organophosphates ({OP}s): chlorpyrifos and diazinon, and one insect growth regulator ({IGR}): pyriproxyfen, was the product tested. {L}aboratory tests were performed using "distance boxes" with surfaces treated with one layer of control or insecticide paint at a dose of 1 kg/6 sq m. {F}ield tests were conducted up to 12 months in six experimental huts randomly allocated to control or one or two layers of insecticide paint at 1 kg/6 sq m. {A}ll distance tests were performed using reference-susceptible strains of {A}nopheles gambiae and {C}ulex quinquefasciatus left overnight at a distance of 1 m from control or treated surfaces. {R}esults: {A}fter an overnight exposition at distances of 1 m, field and laboratory evaluations at 0 months after treatment ({T}0) yielded 100% mortality rates on surfaces treated with one layer at 1 kg/6 sq m against susceptible strains of {A}n. gambiae and {C}x. quinquefasciatus. {T}esting for long-term efficacy in the field gave mortality rates of 96-100% after an overnight exposition at a distance of 1 m for up to 12 months in huts where a larger volume was treated (walls and ceilings) with one or two layers of insecticide paint. {C}onclusion: {A} comprehensive evaluation of the full profile of insecticide products, both upon contact and spatially, may help rationalize vector control efforts more efficiently. {T}reating a large enough volume may extend a product's mortality efficacy in the long-term, which contact tests would fail to assess. {I}t is hereby proposed to explore the development of cost effective methods to assess spatial mortality and to include them as one additional measurement of insecticide efficacy against mosquitoes and other arthropod vectors in {WHOPES} {P}hase {I} and {P}hase {II} studies.},
  keywords = {{V}ector control ; {WHOPES} ; {I}nsecticide-treated nets ({ITN}s) ; {L}ong-lasting ; insecticidal nets ({LLIN}s) ; {I}ndoor residual spraying ({IRS}) ; {I}nsecticide paint ; {M}ass effect},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{M}alaria {J}ournal},
  volume = {12},
  numero = {},
  pages = {366},
  ISSN = {1475-2875},
  year = {2013},
  DOI = {10.1186/1475-2875-12-366},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010061419},
}