@article{fdi:010061417,
  title = {{L}ow prevalence of the molecular markers of {P}lasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine and sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine in asymptomatic children in {N}orthern {B}enin},
  author = {{O}gouyemi-{H}ounto, {A}. and {T}uikue {N}dam, {N}icaise and {F}adegnon, {G}. and {A}zagnandji, {C}. and {B}ello, {M}. and {M}oussiliou, {A}. and {C}hippaux, {J}ean-{P}hilippe and {G}azard, {D}. {K}. and {M}assougbodji, {A}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground: {I}n {B}enin, very few studies have been done on the genetics of {P}lasmodium falciparum and the resistance markers of anti-malarial drugs, while malaria treatment policy changed in 2004. {C}hloroquine ({CQ}) and sulphadoxine pyrimethamine ({SP}) have been removed and replaced by artemisinin-combination therapy ({ACT}). {T}he objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of {P}. falciparum and the prevalence of {P}. falciparum molecular markers that are associated with resistance to {CQ} and {SP} in northern {B}enin seven years after the new policy was instituted. {M}ethods: {T}he study was conducted in northern {B}enin, a region characterized by a seasonal malaria transmission. {B}lood samples were collected in 2012 from children presenting with asymptomatic {P}. falciparum infections. {S}amples collected in filter paper were genotyped by primary and nested {PCR} in block 2 of msp-1 and block 3 of msp-2 to analyse the diversity of {P}. falciparum. {T}he prevalence of critical point mutations in the genes of {P}fcrt (codon 76), {P}fmdr1 (codon 86), {P}fdhfr (codons, 51, 59 and 108) and {P}fdhps (codons 437, 540) was examined in parasite isolates by mutation-specific restriction enzyme digestion. {R}esults: {G}enotyping of 195 isolates from asymptomatic children showed 34 msp-1 and 38 msp-2 genotypes. {T}he multiplicity of infection was 4.51 +/- 0.35 for msp-1 and 4.84 +/- 0.30 for msp-2. {O}nly the codon 51 of {P}fdhfr and codon 437 of {P}fdhps showed a high mutation rate: {I}51: 64.4% (57.3; 71.2); {G}437: 47.4% (40.2; 54.7), respectively. {T}he prevalence of {P}fdhfr triple mutant {IRN} ({I}51, {R}59 and {N}108) was 1.5% (0.3; 3.9), and {P}fdhfr/{P}fdhps quadruple mutant {IRNG} ({P}fdhfr{I}51, {R}59, {N}108, and {P}fdhps{G}437): 0. 5% (0; 2.5). {N}o mutation was found with codon 540 of {P}fdhps. {A}nalysis of mutation according to age (younger or older than ten years) showed similar frequencies in each category without significant difference between the two groups. {C}onclusions: {T}his study showed a high diversity of {P}. falciparum in northern {B}enin with a very low prevalence of resistance markers to {CQ} and {SP} that dramatically contrasted with the pattern observed in southern {B}enin. {N}o influence of age on genetic diversity of {P}. falciparum and on distribution of the mutations was observed.},
  keywords = {{P}lasmodium falciparum ; {G}enotyping ; {R}esistance ; {M}utation ; {C}hloroquine ; {S}ulphadoxine-pyrimethamine ; {BENIN}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{M}alaria {J}ournal},
  volume = {12},
  numero = {},
  pages = {},
  ISSN = {1475-2875},
  year = {2013},
  DOI = {10.1186/1475-2875-12-413},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010061417},
}