@article{fdi:010060457,
  title = {{E}valuation of a real-time quantitative {PCR} to measure the wild {P}lasmodium falciparum infectivity rate in salivary glands of {A}nopheles gambiae},
  author = {{M}arie, {A}lexandra and {B}oissi{\`e}re, {A}nne and {T}sapi, {M}. {T}. and {P}oinsignon, {A}nne and {A}wono-{A}mb{\'e}n{\'e}, {P}. {H}. and {M}orlais, {I}sabelle and {R}emou{\'e}, {F}ranck and {C}orn{\'e}lie, {S}ylvie},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground: {E}valuation of malaria sporozoite rates in the salivary glands of {A}nopheles gambiae is essential for estimating the number of infective mosquitoes, and consequently, the entomological inoculation rate ({EIR}). {EIR} is a key indicator for evaluating the risk of malaria transmission. {A}lthough the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific for detecting the circumsporozoite protein ({CSP}-{ELISA}) is routinely used in the field, it presents several limitations. {A} multiplex {PCR} can also be used to detect the four species of {P}lasmodium in salivary glands. {T}he aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a real-time quantitative {PCR} in detecting and quantifying wild {P}lasmodium falciparum in the salivary glands of {A}n. gambiae. {M}ethods: {A}nopheles gambiae (n=364) were experimentally infected with blood from {P}. falciparum gametocyte carriers, and {P}. falciparum in the sporozoite stage were detected in salivary glands by using a real-time quantitative {PCR} (q{PCR}) assay. {T}he sensitivity and specificity of this q{PCR} were compared with the multiplex {PCR} applied from the {P}adley method. {CSP}-{ELISA} was also performed on carcasses of the same mosquitoes. {R}esults: {T}he prevalence of {P}. falciparum and the intensity of infection were evaluated using q{PCR}. {T}his method had a limit of detection of six sporozoites per mu {L} based on standard curves. {T}he number of {P}. falciparum genomes in the salivary gland samples reached 9,262 parasites/mu {L} (mean: 254.5; 95% {CI}: 163.5-345.6). {T}he q{PCR} showed a similar sensitivity (100%) and a high specificity (60%) compared to the multiplex {PCR}. {T}he agreement between the two methods was "substantial" (k = 0.63, {P} < 0.05). {T}he number of {P}. falciparum-positive mosquitoes evaluated with the q{PCR} (76%), multiplex {PCR} (59%), and {CSP}-{ELISA} (83%) was significantly different ({P} < 0.005). {C}onclusions: {T}he q{PCR} assay can be used to detect {P}. falciparum in salivary glands of {A}n. gambiae. {T}he q{PCR} is highly sensitive and is more specific than multiplex {PCR}, allowing an accurate measure of infective {A}n. gambiae. {T}he results also showed that the {CSP}-{ELISA} overestimates the sporozoite rate, detecting sporozoites in the haemolymph in addition to the salivary glands.},
  keywords = {{P}lasmodium falciparum ; {A}nopheles gambiae ; {S}alivary {G}lands ; {Q}uantitative ; {PCR} ; {M}ultiplex {PCR} ; {CSP} ; {ELISA} ; {CAMEROUN}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{M}alaria {J}ournal},
  volume = {12},
  numero = {},
  pages = {224},
  ISSN = {1475-2875},
  year = {2013},
  DOI = {10.1186/1475-2875-12-224},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010060457},
}