@article{fdi:010060324,
  title = {{P}lasmodium falciparum-like parasites infecting wild apes in southern {C}ameroon do not represent a recurrent source of human malaria},
  author = {{S}undararaman, {S}. {A}. and {L}iu, {W}. {M}. and {K}eele, {B}. {F}. and {L}earn, {G}. {H}. and {B}ittinger, {K}. and {M}ouacha, {F}atima and {A}huka-{M}undeke, {S}. and {M}anske, {M}. and {S}herrill-{M}ix, {S}. and {L}i, {Y}. {Y}. and {M}alenke, {J}. {A}. and {D}elaporte, {E}ric and {L}aurent, {C}hristian and {N}gole, {E}. {M}. and {K}wiatkowski, {D}. {P}. and {S}haw, {G}. {M}. and {R}ayner, {J}. {C}. and {P}eeters, {M}artine and {S}harp, {P}. {M}. and {B}ushman, {F}. {D}. and {H}ahn, {B}. {H}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{W}ild-living chimpanzees and gorillas harbor a multitude of {P}lasmodium species, including six of the subgenus {L}averania, one of which served as the progenitor of {P}lasmodium falciparum. {D}espite the magnitude of this reservoir, it is unknown whether apes represent a source of human infections. {H}ere, we used {P}lasmodium species-specific {PCR}, single-genome amplification, and 454 sequencing to screen humans from remote areas of southern {C}ameroon for ape {L}averania infections. {A}mong 1,402 blood samples, we found 1,000 to be {P}lasmodium mitochondrial {DNA} (mt{DNA}) positive, all of which contained human parasites as determined by sequencing and/or restriction enzyme digestion. {T}o exclude low-abundance infections, we subjected 514 of these samples to 454 sequencing, targeting a region of the mt{DNA} genome that distinguishes ape from human {L}averania species. {U}sing algorithms specifically developed to differentiate rare {P}lasmodium variants from 454-sequencing error, we identified single and mixed-species infections with {P}. falciparum, {P}lasmodium malariae, and/or {P}lasmodium ovale. {H}owever, none of the human samples contained ape {L}averania parasites, including the gorilla precursor of {P}. falciparum. {T}o characterize further the diversity of {P}. falciparum in {C}ameroon, we used single-genome amplification to amplify 3.4-kb mt{DNA} fragments from 229 infected humans. {P}hylogenetic analysis identified 62 new variants, all of which clustered with extant {P}. falciparum, providing further evidence that {P}. falciparum emerged following a single gorilla-to-human transmission. {T}hus, unlike {P}lasmodium knowlesi-infected macaques in southeast {A}sia, {A}frican apes harboring {L}averania parasites do not seem to serve as a recurrent source of human malaria, a finding of import to ongoing control and eradication measures.},
  keywords = {diagnostic {L}averania {PCR} ; great apes ; nextgen sequencing ; {P}lasmodium ; coinfections ; {P}lasmodium diversity ; {CAMEROUN}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{P}roceedings of the {N}ational {A}cademy of {S}ciences of the {U}nited {S}tates of {A}merica},
  volume = {110},
  numero = {17},
  pages = {7020--7025},
  ISSN = {0027-8424},
  year = {2013},
  DOI = {10.1073/pnas.1305201110},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010060324},
}