@article{fdi:010058993,
  title = {{E}volutionary mechanisms driving the evolution of a large polydnavirus gene family coding for protein tyrosine phosphatases},
  author = {{S}erbielle, {C}. and {D}upas, {S}t{\'e}phane and {P}erdereau, {E}. and {H}ericourt, {F}. and {D}upuy, {C}. and {H}uguet, {E}. and {D}rezen, {J}. {M}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground: {G}ene duplications have been proposed to be the main mechanism involved in genome evolution and in acquisition of new functions. {P}olydnaviruses ({PDV}s), symbiotic viruses associated with parasitoid wasps, are ideal model systems to study mechanisms of gene duplications given that {PDV} genomes consist of virulence genes organized into multigene families. {I}n these systems the viral genome is integrated in a wasp chromosome as a provirus and virus particles containing circular double-stranded {DNA} are injected into the parasitoids' hosts and are essential for parasitism success. {T}he viral virulence factors, organized in gene families, are required collectively to induce host immune suppression and developmental arrest. {T}he gene family which encodes protein tyrosine phosphatases ({PTP}s) has undergone spectacular expansion in several {PDV} genomes with up to 42 genes. {R}esults: {H}ere, we present strong indications that {PTP} gene family expansion occurred via classical mechanisms: by duplication of large segments of the chromosomally integrated form of the virus sequences (segmental duplication), by tandem duplications within this form and by dispersed duplications. {W}e also propose a novel duplication mechanism specific to {PDV}s that involves viral circle reintegration into the wasp genome. {T}he {PTP} copies produced were shown to undergo conservative evolution along with episodes of adaptive evolution. {I}n particular recently produced copies have undergone positive selection in sites most likely involved in defining substrate selectivity. {C}onclusion: {T}he results provide evidence about the dynamic nature of polydnavirus proviral genomes. {C}lassical and {PDV}-specific duplication mechanisms have been involved in the production of new gene copies. {S}election pressures associated with antagonistic interactions with parasitized hosts have shaped these genes used to manipulate lepidopteran physiology with evidence for positive selection involved in adaptation to host targets.},
  keywords = {{P}olydnavirus ; {B}racovirus ; {P}rotein tyrosine phosphatase ; {G}ene duplication ; {P}ositive selection},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{B}mc {E}volutionary {B}iology},
  volume = {12},
  numero = {},
  pages = {253},
  ISSN = {1471-2148},
  year = {2012},
  DOI = {10.1186/1471-2148-12-253},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010058993},
}