Nattier R. auteur aut IRD Grandcolas P. auteur aut IRD Elias M. auteur aut IRD Desutter-Grandcolas L. auteur aut IRD Jourdan Hervé auteur aut IRD Couloux A. auteur aut IRD Robillard T. auteur aut IRD text journalArticle eng text/pdf reformatted digital access Islands are bounded areas where high endemism is explained either by allopatric speciation through the fragmentation of the limited amount of space available, or by sympatric speciation and accumulation of daughter species. Most empirical evidence point out the dominant action of allopatric speciation. We evaluate this general view by looking at a case study where sympatric speciation is suspected. We analyse the mode, tempo and geography of speciation in Agnotecous, a cricket genus endemic to New Caledonia showing a generalized pattern of sympatry between species making sympatric speciation plausible. We obtained five mitochondrial and five nuclear markers (6.8 kb) from 37 taxa corresponding to 17 of the 21 known extant species of Agnotecous, and including several localities per species, and we conducted phylogenetic and dating analyses. Our results suggest that the diversification of Agnotecous occurred mostly through allopatric speciation in the last 10 Myr. Highly microendemic species are the most recent ones (<2 Myr) and current sympatry is due to secondary range expansion after allopatric speciation. Species distribution should then be viewed as a highly dynamic process and extreme microendemism only as a temporary situation. We discuss these results considering the influence of climatic changes combined with intricate soil diversity and mountain topography. A complex interplay between these factors could have permitted repeated speciation events and range expansion. specialized 082 080 7 11 e48047 2012 1932-6203 https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010058169 10.1371/journal.pone.0048047 1932-6203 [F B010058169] https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010058169 https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers17-09/010058169.pdf IRD - Base Horizon / Pleins textes 2013-01-09 2017-10-03 fdi:010058169 fre