@article{fdi:010057224,
  title = {{C}hange in {E}l {N}ino flavours over 1958-2008 : implications for the long-term trend of the upwelling off {P}eru},
  author = {{D}ewitte, {B}oris and {V}azquez-{C}uervo, {J}. and {G}oubanova, {K}. and {I}llig, {S}erena and {T}akahashi, {K}. and {C}ambon, {G}ildas and {P}urca, {S}. and {C}orrea, {D}. and {G}utierrez, {D}. and {S}ifeddine, {A}bdelfettah and {O}rtlieb, {L}uc},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}he tropical {P}acific variability has experienced changes in its characteristics over the last decades. {I}n particular, there is some evidence of an increased occurrence of {E}l {N}ino events in the central {P}acific (a.k.a. '{C}entral {P}acific {E}l {N}ino' ({CP} {E}l {N}ino) or '{E}l {N}ino {M}odoki'), in contrast with the cold tongue or {E}astern {P}acific ({EP}) {E}l {N}ino which develops in the eastern {P}acific. {H}ere we show that the different flavours of {E}l {N}ino imply a contrasted {E}quatorial {K}elvin {W}ave ({EKW}) characteristic and that their rectification on the mean upwelling condition off {P}eru through oceanic teleconnection is changed when the {CP} {E}l {N}ino frequency of occurrence increases. {T}he {S}imple {O}cean {D}ata {A}ssimilation ({SODA}) reanalysis product is first used to document the seasonal evolution of the {EKW} during {CP} and {EP} {E}l {N}ino. {I}t is shown that the strong positive asymmetry of {ENSO} ({E}l {N}ino {S}outhern {O}scillation) is mostly reflected into the {EKW} activity of the {EP} {E}l {N}ino whereas during {CP} {E}l {N}ino, the {EKW} is negatively skewed in the eastern {P}acific. {A}long with slightly cooler conditions off {P}eru (shallow thermocline) during {CP} {E}l {N}ino, this is favourable for the accumulation of cooler {SST} anomalies along the coast by the remotely forced coastal {K}elvin wave. {S}uch a process is observed in a high-resolution regional model of the {H}umboldt {C}urrent system using the {SODA} outputs as boundary conditions. {I}n particular the model simulates a cooling trend of the {SST} off {P}eru although the wind stress forcing has no trend. {T}he model is further used to document the vertical structure along the coast during the two types of {E}l {N}ino. {I}t is suggested that the increased occurrence of the {CP} {E}l {N}ino may also lead to a reduction of mesoscale activity off {P}eru.},
  keywords = {{E}l {N}ino {M}odoki ; {E}quatorial {K}elvin wave ; {C}limate change ; {C}oastal upwelling ; {P}eru undercurrent},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{D}eep-{S}ea {R}esearch {P}art {II} -{T}opical {S}tudies in {O}ceanography},
  volume = {77-80},
  numero = {{SI}},
  pages = {143--156},
  ISSN = {0967-0645},
  year = {2012},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.04.011},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010057224},
}