@article{fdi:010057186,
  title = {{E}astern chimpanzees, but not bonobos, represent a simian immunodeficiency virus reservoir},
  author = {{L}i, {Y}. {Y}. and {N}django, {J}. {B}. and {L}earn, {G}. {H}. and {R}amirez, {M}. {A}. and {K}eele, {B}. {F}. and {B}ibollet-{R}uche, {F}. and {L}iu, {W}. {M}. and {E}aslick, {J}. {L}. and {D}ecker, {J}. {M}. and {R}udicell, {R}. {S}. and {I}nogwabini, {B}. {I}. and {A}huka-{M}undeke, {S}. and {L}eendertz, {F}. {H}. and {R}eynolds, {V}. and {M}uller, {M}. {N}. and {C}hancellor, {R}. {L}. and {R}undus, {A}. {S}. and {S}immons, {N}. and {W}orobey, {M}. and {S}haw, {G}. {M}. and {P}eeters, {M}artine and {S}harp, {P}. {M}. and {H}ahn, {B}. {H}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{C}himpanzees in west central {A}frica ({P}an troglodytes troglodytes) are endemically infected with simian immunodeficiency viruses ({SIV}cpz{P}tt) that have crossed the species barrier to humans and gorillas on at least five occasions, generating pandemic and nonpandemic forms of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ({HIV}-1) as well as gorilla {SIV} ({SIV}gor). {C}himpanzees in east {A}frica ({P}an troglodytes schweinfurthii) are also infected with {SIV}cpz; however, their viruses ({SIV}cpz{P}ts) have never been found in humans. {T}o examine whether this is due to a paucity of natural infections, we used noninvasive methods to screen wild-living eastern chimpanzees in the {D}emocratic {R}epublic of the {C}ongo ({DRC}), {U}ganda, and {R}wanda. {W}e also screened bonobos ({P}an paniscus) in the {DRC}, a species not previously tested for {SIV} in the wild. {F}ecal samples (n = 3,108) were collected at 50 field sites, tested for species and subspecies origin, and screened for {SIV}cpz antibodies and nucleic acids. {O}f 2,565 samples from eastern chimpanzees, 323 were antibody positive and 92 contained viral {RNA}. {T}he antibody-positive samples represented 76 individuals from 19 field sites, all sampled north of the {C}ongo {R}iver in an area spanning 250,000 km(2). {I}n this region, {SIV}cpz{P}ts was common and widespread, with seven field sites exhibiting infection rates of 30% or greater. {T}he overall prevalence of {SIV}cpz{P}ts infection was 13.4% (95% confidence interval, 10.7% to 16.5%). {I}n contrast, none of the 543 bonobo samples from six sites was antibody positive. {A}ll newly identified {SIV}cpz{P}ts strains clustered in strict accordance to their subspecies origin; however, they exhibited considerable genetic diversity, especially in protein domains known to be under strong host selection pressure. {T}hus, the absence of {SIV}cpz{P}ts zoonoses cannot be explained by an insufficient primate reservoir. {I}nstead, greater adaptive hurdles may have prevented the successful colonization of humans by {P}. t. schweinfurthii viruses.},
  keywords = {},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{J}ournal of {V}irology},
  volume = {86},
  numero = {19},
  pages = {10776--10791},
  ISSN = {0022-538{X}},
  year = {2012},
  DOI = {10.1128/jvi.01498-12},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010057186},
}