@article{fdi:010057041,
  title = {{G}rowth form evolution in piperales and its relevance for understanding angiosperm diversification : an integrative approach combining plant architecture, anatomy, and biomechanics},
  author = {{I}snard, {S}andrine and {P}rosperi, {J}. and {W}anke, {S}. and {W}agner, {S}. {T}. and {S}amain, {M}. {S}. and {T}rueba, {S}. and {F}renzke, {L}. and {N}einhuis, {C}. and {R}owe, {N}. {P}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{A} striking feature of early angiosperm lineages is the variety of life forms and growth forms, which ranges from herbs, aquatic herbs, climbers, and epiphytes to woody shrubs and trees. {T}his morphological and anatomical diversity is arguably one of the factors explaining how angiosperms dominate many ecosystems worldwide. {H}owever, just how such a wide spectrum of growth forms has evolved in angiosperms remains unclear. {I}n this review, we investigate patterns of growth form diversification in {P}iperales, an early-diverging lineage (with stem age estimated at 201-128 {M}yr ago) and the most morphologically diverse clade among magnoliids. {W}e outline patterns of growth form diversity and architecture as well as the biomechanical significance of developmental characters, such the organization, loss, and gain of woodiness. {A}saroideae and {S}aururaceae are terrestrial as well as semiaquatic to aquatic herbaceous perennials bearing rhizomes. {T}he {A}ristolochioideae and {P}iperaceae show higher levels of growth form diversity and biomechanical organization, with complex patterns of increasing or decreasing woodiness and architectural organization. {T}he climbing habit has probably evolved independently in the {A}ristolochiaceae and {P}iperaceae, while mechanically unstable shrubs and, less frequently, treelets have evolved several times within these two most species-rich clades. {A} key developmental character underlying diversity in most {P}iperales-with the exception of the herbaceous {S}aruma ({A}saroideae)-is the conserved development of the wood cylinder, in which fusiform initials are limited to fascicular carnbial initials. {T}he resulting large fraction of raylike tissue in the stem-a highly characteristic feature of woody species in the {P}iperales-potentially introduced mechanical constraints on the diversification of self-supporting architectures. {T}his was possibly circumvented by the architectural development of repeated, large-diameter meristems in some shrublike habits via sympodial growth. {P}atterns of growth form evolution within {P}iperales potentially mirror some of the overall trends observed among early-diverging angiosperms as a whole as well as angiosperms in general. {T}hese include profound changes in life form and growth form linked to large-scale transitions in woodiness, diversity of mechanical organization, and shifts in architectural development.},
  keywords = {architecture ; anatomy ; biomechanics ; evolution ; growth form ; {P}iperales},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{I}nternational {J}ournal of {P}lant {S}ciences},
  volume = {173},
  numero = {6},
  pages = {610--639},
  ISSN = {1058-5893},
  year = {2012},
  DOI = {10.1086/665821},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010057041},
}