@article{fdi:010055902,
  title = {{U}pdate on resistance status of {A}nopheles gambiae s.s. to conventional insecticides at a previous {WHOPES} field site, "{Y}aokoffikro", 6 years after the political crisis in {C}ote d'{I}voire},
  author = {{K}offi, {A}. {A}. and {A}lou, {L}. {P}. {A}. and {A}dja, {M}. {A}. and {K}one, {M}. and {C}handre, {F}abrice and {N}'{G}uessan, {R}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground: {A}t {Y}aokoffikro field site near {B}ouake, in central {C}ote d'{I}voire, a group of experimental huts built in 1996 served over many years for the evaluation of insecticides against highly resistant mosquitoes. {B}reeding sites of mosquitoes and selection pressure in the area were maintained by local farming practices until a war broke out in {S}eptember 2002. {S}ix years after the crisis, we conducted bioassays and biochemical analysis to update the resistance status of {A}nopheles gambiae s.s. populations and detect other potential mechanisms of resistance that might have evolved. {M}ethods: {A}n. gambiae s.s. larvae from {Y}aokoffikro were collected in breeding sites and reared to adults. {R}esistance status of this population to insecticides was assessed using {WHO} bioassay test kits for adult mosquitoes with seven insecticides: two pyrethroids, a pseudo-pyrethroid, an organochloride, two carbamates and an organophosphate. {M}olecular and biochemical assays were carried out to identify the {L}1014{F} kdr and ace-1({R}) alleles in individual mosquitoes and to detect potential increase in mixed function oxidases ({MFO}), non-specific esterases ({NSE}) and glutathione {S}-transferases ({GST}) activity. {R}esults: {H}igh pyrethroids, {DDT} and carbamate resistance was confirmed in {A}n. gambiae s.s. populations from {Y}aokoffikro. {M}ortality rates were less than 70% with pyrethroids and etofenprox, 12% with {DDT}, and less than 22% with the carbamates. {T}olerance to fenitrothion was observed, with 95% mortality after 24 h. {PCR} analysis of samples from the site showed high allelic frequency of the {L}1014{F} kdr (0.94) and the ace-1({R}) (0.50) as before the crisis. {I}n addition, increased activity of {NSE}, {GST} and to a lesser extent {MFO} was found relative to the reference strain {K}isumu. {T}his was the first report detecting enhanced activity of these enzymes in {A}n. gambiae s.s from {Y}aokoffikro, which could have serious implications in detoxification of insecticides. {T}heir specific roles in resistance should be investigated using additional tools. {C}onclusion: {T}he insecticide resistance profile at {Y}aokoffikro appears multifactorial. {T}he site presents a unique opportunity to evaluate its impact on the protective efficacy of insecticidal products as well as new tools to manage these complex mechanisms. {I}t calls for innovative research on the behaviour of the local vector, its biology and genetics that drive resistance.},
  keywords = {},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{P}arasites and {V}ectors},
  volume = {5},
  numero = {},
  pages = {68},
  ISSN = {1756-3305},
  year = {2012},
  DOI = {10.1186/1756-3305-5-68},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010055902},
}