@article{fdi:010055882,
  title = {{B}ehavioural responses of {A}nopheles gambiae sensu stricto {M} and {S} molecular form larvae to an aquatic predator in {B}urkina {F}aso},
  author = {{G}imonneau, {G}eoffrey and {P}ombi, {M}. and {D}abir{\'e}, {R}. {K}. and {D}iabat{\'e}, {A}. and {M}orand, {S}. and {S}imard, {F}r{\'e}d{\'e}ric},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground: {P}redation of aquatic immature stages has been identified as a major evolutionary force driving habitat segregation and niche partitioning in the malaria mosquito {A}nopheles gambiae sensu stricto in the humid savannahs of {B}urkina {F}aso, {W}est {A}frica. {H}ere, we explored behavioural responses to the presence of a predator in wild populations of the {M} and {S} molecular forms of {A}n. gambiae that typically breed in permanent (e.g., rice field paddies) and temporary (e.g., road ruts) water collections. {M}ethods: {L}arvae used in these experiments were obtained from eggs laid by wild female {A}n. gambiae collected from two localities in south-western {B}urkina {F}aso during the 2008 rainy season. {S}ingle larvae were observed in an experimental arena, and behavioural traits were recorded and quantified a) in the absence of a predator and b) in the presence of a widespread mosquito predator, the backswimmer {A}nisops jaczewskii. {D}ifferences in the proportion of time allocated to each behaviour were assessed using {P}rincipal {C}omponent {A}nalysis and {M}ultivariate {A}nalysis of {V}ariance. {R}esults: {T}he behaviour of {M} and {S} form larvae was found to differ significantly; although both forms mainly foraged at the water surface, spending 60-90% of their time filtering water at the surface or along the wall of the container, {M} form larvae spent on average significantly more time browsing at the bottom of the container than {S} form larvae (4.5 vs. 1.3% of their overall time, respectively; {P} < 0.05). {I}n the presence of a predator, larvae of both forms modified their behaviour, spending significantly more time resting along the container wall ({P} < 0.001). {T}his change in behaviour was at least twice as great in the {M} form (from 38.6 to 66.6% of the time at the wall in the absence and presence of the predator, respectively) than in the {S} form (from 48.3 to 64.1%). {T}hrashing at the water surface exposed larvae to a significantly greater risk of predation by the notonectid ({P} < 0.01), whereas predation occurred significantly less often when larvae were at the container wall ({P} < 0.05) and might reflect predator vigilance. {C}onclusions: {B}ehavioural differences between larvae of the {M} and {S} form of {A}n. gambiae in response to an acute predation risk is likely to be a reflection of different trade-offs between foraging and predator vigilance that might be of adaptive value in contrasting aquatic ecosystems. {F}uture studies should explore the relevance of these findings under the wide range of natural settings where both forms co-exist in {A}frica.},
  keywords = {},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{P}arasites and {V}ectors},
  volume = {5},
  numero = {},
  pages = {65},
  ISSN = {1756-3305},
  year = {2012},
  DOI = {10.1186/1756-3305-5-65},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010055882},
}