@article{fdi:010055712,
  title = {{I}mpact of tephra falls on {A}ndean communities : the influences of eruption size and weather conditions during the 1999-2001 activity of {T}ungurahua volcano, {E}cuador},
  author = {{L}e {P}ennec, {J}ean-{L}uc and {R}uiz, {G}. {A}. and {R}amon, {P}. and {P}alacios, {E}. and {M}othes, {P}. and {Y}epes, {H}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{R}epeated ash fall events have occurred during the 1999-ongoing eruption of {T}ungurahua volcano, {E}cuador, notably during the late 1999 and {A}ugust 2001 eruptive phases. {W}hile the eruptive styles were similar, these two phases had different impacts on nearby rural and urban {A}ndean populations: ash falls in late 1999 had limited effects on human health and farming, whereas the 2001 phase resulted in medical problems, death of animals in livestock, and damages to houses and crops. {H}ere we investigate the origin of this difference by estimating the size of the {A}ugust 2001 event ({VEI}, magnitude, intensity), and by comparing monitoring information of the 1999 and 2001 phases (duration, explosion rate, column height, {SO}2 output rate). {T}he results show that both phases ranked at {VEI} 3, although the longer 1999 phase was likely larger than the 2001 phase. {M}ass magnitude ({M}) and intensity ({I}) indexes calculated for the 2001 phase reach {M} approximate to 2.7 and {I} approximate to 6.5 when based on ash fall layer data, but increase to {M} approximate to 3.2 and {I} approximate to 7.0 when ballistic products are included. {W}e investigated the influence of rain fall and wind flow regimes on ash dispersion, sedimentation and remobilization. {T}he analysis indicates that the harmful effect of the 2001 phase resulted from unfavorable conditions that combined volcanological and seasonal origins, including: a) a low elevation of the ash plume above rural regions owed to a usually bent-over column, b) ash sedimentation in a narrow area west of the volcano under sub-steady wind directions, c) anticipated ash settling by frequent rain flushing of low intensity, and d) formation of a wet cohesive ash coating on buildings and harvests. {C}onversely, the stronger 1999 phase injected a large amount of ash at higher elevation in the dry season; the ash was widely disseminated across the whole {E}cuadorian territory and beyond, and was frequently removed by rain and winds. {I}n summary, our study illustrates the influences of eruption size and weather conditions on the impact of volcanic activity in a tropical setting and puts emphasis on the necessity to merge volcanological and meteorological monitoring duties for hazard assessment and alert level definition, in order to mitigate the effect of ash falls in the {A}ndes and elsewhere.},
  keywords = {{A}sh fall ; {T}ephra volume ; {W}eather conditions ; {A}ndean communities ; {T}ungurahua volcano ; {E}cuador},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{J}ournal of {V}olcanology and {G}eothermal {R}esearch},
  volume = {217},
  numero = {},
  pages = {91--103},
  ISSN = {0377-0273},
  year = {2012},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.06.011},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010055712},
}