@article{fdi:010053718,
  title = {{O}rigin and taxonomic status of the {P}alearctic population of the stem borer {S}esamia nonagrioides ({L}efebvre) ({L}epidoptera: {N}octuidae)},
  author = {{M}oyal, {P}ascal and {T}okro, {P}. and {B}ayram, {A}. and {S}avopoulou-{S}oultani, {M}. and {C}onti, {E}. and {E}izaguirre, {M}. and {L}e {R}ü, {B}runo and {A}vand-{F}aghih, {A}. and {F}rerot, {B}. and {A}ndreadis, {S}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}he major pest of maize in {M}editerranean {E}urope, the stem borer {S}esamia nonagrioides ({L}efebvre) ({L}epidoptera: {N}octuidae), has a fragmented distribution, north and south of the {S}ahara. {T}he present study aimed: (1) to clarify the uncertain taxonomic status of the {P}alearctic and sub-{S}aharan populations which were first considered as different species and later on as subspecies ({S}esamia nonagrioides nonagrioides and {S}esamia nonagrioides botanephaga) and (2) to investigate the origin of the {P}alearctic population which extends from {S}pain to {I}ran, outside what is considered typical for this mainly tropical genus. {W}e reconstructed the evolutionary history of both populations using one nuclear and two mitochondrial genes. {T}he sub-{S}aharan taxon was fragmented in two isolated populations ({W}est and {E}ast) whose mitochondrial genes were distant by 2.3%. {T}he {P}alearctic population was included in the {E}ast {A}frican clade and its genes were close or identical to those of a population from {C}entral {E}thiopia, where the species was discovered for the first time. {S}imilarly, in {A}frica, the alleles of the nuclear gene were distributed mainly in two {W}est and {E}ast clades, whereas some {P}alearctic alleles belonged to the {W}est clade. {T}he {P}alearctic population originated therefore from {E}ast and {W}est {A}frica and is the progeny of the cross between these two {A}frican populations. {T}he main species concepts were in agreement, leading to the conclusion that the three populations are still conspecific. {I}n the surveyed regions, the species therefore does not include two subspecies but three isolated populations. {T}he {P}alearctic population suffered from severe bottlenecks that resulted in the fixation of one {E}ast {A}frican mitochondrial genome and the large reduction in its genetic diversity compared to the {A}frican populations. {T}he data suggest that natural colonization of the {P}alearctic region was more plausible than human introduction. {T}he allelic distribution of the {P}alearctic population was similar to that of species that survived the last glaciation. {I}t is concluded that the {A}frican populations expanded during the last interglacial, crossed the {S}ahara and mixed in {N}orth {A}frica where fixation of the {E}ast mitochondrial genome occurred. {T}he species then colonized {E}urope westward through only one eastern entrance. {T}he coalescent-based estimate of the time to the ancestor of the {P}alearctic population was 108 000 years, which is consistent with this scenario.},
  keywords = {bottleneck ; {E}emian ; last interglacial ; migration ; post-glacial ; expansion ; {S}ahara ; {S}esamia botanephaga},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{B}iological {J}ournal of the {L}innean {S}ociety},
  volume = {103},
  numero = {4},
  pages = {904--922},
  ISSN = {0024-4066},
  year = {2011},
  DOI = {10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01666.x},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010053718},
}