@article{fdi:010053622,
  title = {{A}nopheles gambiae distribution and insecticide resistance in the cities of {D}ouala and {Y}aounde ({C}ameroon) : influence of urban agriculture and pollution},
  author = {{A}ntonio-{N}kondjio, {C}. and {F}ossog, {B}. {T}. and {N}do, {C}. and {D}jantio, {B}. {M}. and {T}ogouet, {S}. {Z}. and {A}wono-{A}mbene, {P}. and {C}ostantini, {C}arlo and {W}ondji, {C}. {S}. and {R}anson, {H}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground: {U}rban malaria is becoming a major health priority across {A}frica. {A} study was undertaken to assess the importance of urban pollution and agriculture practice on the distribution and susceptibility to insecticide of malaria vectors in the two main cities in {C}ameroon. {M}ethods: {A}nopheline larval breeding sites were surveyed and water samples analysed monthly from {O}ctober 2009 to {D}ecember 2010. {P}arameters analysed included turbidity, p{H}, temperature, conductivity, sulfates, phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, ammonia, aluminium, alkalinity, iron, potassium, manganese, magnesium, magnesium hardness and total hardness. {C}haracteristics of water bodies in urban areas were compared to rural areas and between urban sites. {T}he level of susceptibility of {A}nopheles gambiae to 4% {DDT}, 0.75% permethrin, 0.05% deltamethrin, 0.1% bendiocarb and 5% malathion were compared between mosquitoes collected from polluted, non polluted and cultivated areas. {R}esults: {A} total of 1,546 breeding sites, 690 in {Y}aounde and 856 in {D}ouala, were sampled in the course of the study. {A}lmost all measured parameters had a concentration of 2- to 100-fold higher in urban compare to rural breeding sites. {N}o resistance to malathion was detected, but bendiocarb resistance was present in {Y}aounde. {V}ery low mortality rates were observed following {DDT} or permethrin exposure, associated with high kdr frequencies. {M}osquitoes collected in cultivated areas, exhibited the highest resistant levels. {T}here was little difference in insecticide resistance or kdr allele frequency in mosquitoes collected from polluted versus non-polluted sites. {C}onclusion: {T}he data confirm high selection pressure on mosquitoes originating from urban areas and suggest urban agriculture rather than pollution as the major factor driving resistance to insecticide.},
  keywords = {},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{M}alaria {J}ournal},
  volume = {10},
  numero = {},
  pages = {154},
  ISSN = {1475-2875},
  year = {2011},
  DOI = {10.1186/1475-2875-10-154},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010053622},
}