@article{fdi:010053499,
  title = {{C}otton pest management practices and the selection of pyrethroid resistance in {A}nopheles gambiae population in {N}orthern {B}enin},
  author = {{Y}adouleton, {A}. and {M}artin, {T}. and {P}adonou, {G}. and {C}handre, {F}abrice and {A}sidi, {A}. and {D}jogb{\'e}nou, {L}uc and {D}abir{\'e}, {R}. and {A}ikpon, {R}. and {B}oko, {M}. and {G}litho, {I}. and {A}kogbeto, {M}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground: {P}yrethroid insecticides, carbamate and organophosphate are the classes of insecticides commonly used in agriculture for crop protection in {B}enin. {P}yrethroids remain the only class of insecticides recommended by the {WHO} for impregnation of bed nets. {U}nfortunately, the high level of pyrethroid resistance in {A}nopheles gambiae s.l., threatens to undermine the success of pyrethroid treated nets. {T}his study focuses on the investigation of agricultural practices in cotton growing areas, and their direct impact on larval populations of {A}n. gambiae in surrounding breeding sites. {M}ethods: {T}he protocol was based on the collection of agro-sociological data where farmers were subjected to semi-structured questionnaires based on the strategies used for crop protection. {T}his was complemented by bioassay tests to assess the susceptibility of malaria vectors to various insecticides. {M}olecular analysis was performed to characterize the resistance genes and the molecular forms of {A}n. gambiae. {I}nsecticide residues in soil samples from breeding sites were investigated to determine major factors that can inhibit the normal growth of mosquito larvae by exposing susceptible and resistant laboratory strains. {R}esults: {T}here is a common use by local farmers of mineral fertilizer {NPK} at 200 kg/ha and urea at 50 kg/hectare following insecticide treatments in both the {C}alendar {C}ontrol {P}rogram ({CCP}) and the {T}argeted {I}ntermittent {C}ontrol {P}rogram ({TICP}). {B}y contrast, no chemicals are involved in {B}iological {P}rogram ({BP}) where farmers use organic and natural fertilizers which include animal excreta. {S}usceptibility test results confirmed a high resistance to {DDT}. {M}ean mortality of {A}n. gambiae collected from the farms practicing {CCP}, {TICP} and {BP} methods were 33%, 42% and 65% respectively. {A}n. gambiae populations from areas using the {CCP} and {TICP} programs showed resistance to permethrin with mortality of 50% and 58% respectively. {B}y contrast, bioassay test results of {A}n. gambiae from {BP} areas gave a high level of susceptibility to permethrin with an average mortality of 94%. {M}olecular analysis identified {A}n. gambiae s.s, and {A}n. arabiensis with a high predominance of {A}n. gambiae s.s (90%). {T}he two molecular forms, {M} and {S}, were also determined with a high frequency of the {S} form (96%). {T}he {K}dr gene seemed the main target-site resistance mechanism detected in {CCP}, {TICP}, and {BP} areas at the rates ranging from 32 to 78%. {T}he frequency of ace-1{R} gene was very low (<0.1). {T}he presence of inhibiting factors in soil samples under insecticide treatments were found and affected negatively in delaying the development of {A}n. gambiae larval populations. {C}onclusions: {T}his research shows that {K}dr has spread widely in {A}n. gambiae, mainly in {CCP} and {TICP} areas where pyrethroids are extensively used. {T}o reduce the negative impact of pesticides use in cotton crop protection, the application of {BP}-like programs, which do not appear to select for vector resistance would be useful. {T}hese results could serve as scientific evidence of the spread of resistance due to a massive agricultural use of insecticides and contribute to the management of pesticides usage on cotton crops hence reducing the selection pressure of insecticides on {A}n. gambiae populations.},
  keywords = {},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{P}arasites and {V}ectors},
  volume = {4},
  numero = {},
  pages = {60},
  ISSN = {1756-3305},
  year = {2011},
  DOI = {10.1186/1756-3305-4-60},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010053499},
}