@article{fdi:010053032,
  title = {{T}he cold {E}uropean winter of 2005-2006 assisted the spread and ersistence of {H}5{N}1 {I}nfluenza {V}irus in wild birds},
  author = {{O}ttaviani, {D}. and {R}ocque de la, {S}. and {K}homenko, {S}. and {G}ilbert, {M}. and {N}ewman, {S}. {H}. and {R}oche, {B}enjamin and {S}chwabenbauer, {K}. and {P}into, {J}. and {R}obinson, {T}. {P}. and {S}lingenbergh, {J}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{I}n {J}anuary 2006, a major cold spell affected {E}urope, coinciding with an increase of {H}5{N}1 influenza virus detected in wild birds, mostly dead mute swans, starting along the {R}iver {D}anube and the {M}editerranean coast line. {S}ubsequently {H}5{N}1 detections in wild birds were concentrated in central and western parts of {E}urope, reaching a peak in mid {F}ebruary. {W}e tested the hypothesis that the geographic distribution of these {H}5{N}1 infections was modulated by the long-term wintering line, the 0 degrees {C} isotherm marking the limit beyond which areas are largely unsuitable for wintering waterfowl. {G}iven the particularly cold 2005-2006 {E}uropean winter, we also considered the satellite-derived contemporary frost conditions. {T}his brought us to select the long-term maximum rather than the mean {J}anuary 0 degrees {C} isotherm as the best approximation for the 2005-2006 wintering line. {O}ur analysis shows that {H}5{N}1 detection sites were closer to the wintering line than would be expected by chance, even when the geographic distribution of water bird wintering sites was accounted for. {W}e argue that partial frost conditions in water bodies are conducive to bird congregation, and this may have enhanced {H}5{N}1 transmission and local spread. {B}ecause the environmental virus load also would build up in these hot spots, {H}5{N}1 virus may have readily persisted during the spring, at least in cooler areas. {W}e conclude that {H}5{N}1 introduction, spread, and persistence in {E}urope may have been enhanced by the cold 2005-2006 winter.},
  keywords = {{A}vian influenza ; waterfowl ; outbreaks ; seasonality ; {E}urope},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{E}cohealth},
  volume = {7},
  numero = {2},
  pages = {226--236},
  ISSN = {1612-9202},
  year = {2010},
  DOI = {10.1007/s10393-010-0316-z},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010053032},
}