@article{fdi:010049953,
  title = {{S}imian immunodeficiency virus infection in free-ranging sooty {M}angabeys ({C}ercocebus atys atys) from the {T}ai {F}orest, {C}ote d'{I}voire : implications for the origin of epidemic human immunodeficiency virus type 2},
  author = {{S}antiago, {M}.{L}. and {R}ange, {F}. and {K}eele, {B}.{F}. and {L}i, {Y}.{Y}. and {B}ailes, {E}. and {B}ibollet {R}uche, {F}. and {F}ruteau, {C}. and {N}oe, {R}. and {P}eeters, {M}artine and {B}rookfield, {J}.{F}.{Y}. and {S}haw, {G}.{M}. and {S}harp, {P}.{M}. and {H}ahn, {B}.{H}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{S}imian immunodeficiency virus of sooty mangabeys ({SIV}smm) is recognized as the progenitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 ({HIV}-2) and has been transmitted to humans on multiple occasions, yet the epidemiology and genetic diversity of {SIV}smm infection in wild-living populations remain largely unknown. {H}ere, we report the first molecular epidemiological survey of {SIV}smm in a community of similar to 120 free-ranging sooty mangabeys in the {T}ai {F}orest, {C}ote d'{I}voire. {F}ecal samples (n = 39) were collected from 35 habituated animals (27 females and 8 males) and tested for {SIV}smm virion {RNA} (v{RNA}). {V}iral gag (800 bp) and/or env (490 bp) sequences were amplified from 11 different individuals (eight females and three males). {B}ased on the sensitivity of fecal v{RNA} detection and the numbers of samples analyzed, the prevalence of {SIV}smm infection was estimated to be 59% (95% confidence interval, 0.35 to 0.88). {B}ehavioral data collected from this community indicated that {SIV}smm infection occurred preferentially in high-ranking females. {P}hylogenetic analysis of gag and env sequences revealed an extraordinary degree of genetic diversity, including evidence for frequent recombination events in both the recent and distant past. {S}ome sooty mangabeys harbored near-identical viruses (< 2% interstrain distance), indicating epidemiologically linked infections. {T}hese transmissions were identified by microsatellite analyses to involve both related (mother/daughter) and unrelated individuals, thus providing evidence for vertical and horizontal transmission in the wild. {F}inally, evolutionary tree analyses revealed significant clustering of the {T}ai {SIV}smm strains with five of the eight recognized groups of {HIV}-2, including the epidemic groups {A} and {B}, thus pointing to a likely geographic origin of these human infections in the eastern part of the sooty mangabey range.},
  keywords = {},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{J}ournal of {V}irology},
  volume = {79},
  numero = {19},
  pages = {12515--12527},
  ISSN = {0022-538{X}},
  year = {2005},
  DOI = {10.1128/{JVI}.79.19.12515-12527.2005},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010049953},
}