@article{fdi:010049922,
  title = {{D}istribution of knock-down resistance mutations in {A}nopheles gambiae molecular forms in west and west-central {A}frica},
  author = {{S}antolamazza, {F}. and {C}alzetta, {M}. and {E}tang, {J}. and {B}arrese, {E}. and {D}ia, {I}. and {C}accone, {A}. and {D}onnelly, {M}.{J}. and {P}etrarca, {V}. and {S}imard, {F}rederic and {P}into, {J}. and {D}ella {T}orre, {A}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground; {K}nock-down resistance (kdr) to {DDT} and pyrethroids in the major {A}frotropical vector species, {A}nopheles gambiae sensu stricto, is associated with two alternative point mutations at amino acid position 1014 of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene, resulting in either a leucine-phenylalanine ({L}1014{F}), or a leucine-serine ({L}1014{S}) substitution. {I}n {A}n. gambiae {S}-form populations, the former mutation appears to be widespread in west {A}frica and has been recently reported from {U}ganda, while the latter, originally recorded in {K}enya, has been recently found in {G}abon, {C}ameroon and {E}quatorial {G}uinea. {I}n {M}-form populations surveyed to date, only the {L}1014{F} mutation has been found, although less widespread and at lower frequencies than in sympatric {S}-form populations.{M}ethods. {A}nopheles gambiae {M}- and {S}-form specimens from 19 sites from 11 west and west-central {A}frican countries were identified to molecular form and genotyped at the kdr locus either by {H}ot {O}ligonucleotide {L}igation {A}ssay ({HOLA}) or allele-specific {PCR} ({AS}-{PCR}).{R}esults. {T}he kdr genotype was determined for about 1,000 {A}n. gambiae specimens. {T}he {L}1014{F} allele was found at frequencies ranging from 6% to 100% in all {S}-form samples ({N} = 628), with the exception of two samples from {A}ngola, where it was absent, and coexisted with the {L}1014{S} allele in samples from {C}ameroon, {G}abon and north-western {A}ngola. {T}he {L}1014{F} allele was present in {M}-form samples ({N} = 354) from {B}enin, {N}igeria, and {C}ameroon, where both {M}- and {S}-forms were sympatric. {C}onclusion. {T}he results represent the most comprehensive effort to analyse the overall distribution of the {L}1014{F} and {L}1014{S} mutations in {A}n. gambiae molecular forms, and will serve as baseline data for resistance monitoring. {T}he overall picture shows that the emergence and spread of kdr alleles in {A}n. gambiae is a dynamic process and that there is marked intra- and inter-form heterogeneity in resistance allele frequencies. {F}urther studies are needed to determine: i) the importance of selection pressure exerted by both agricultural and public health use of pyrethroid insecticides, ii) the phenotypic effects, particularly when the two mutations co-occur; and iii) the epidemiological importance of kdr for both pyrethroid- and {DDT}-based malaria control operations, particularly if/when the two insecticides are to be used in concert.},
  keywords = {{PALUDISME} ; {VECTEUR} ; {MOUSTIQUE} ; {RESISTANCE} ; {INSECTICIDE} {CHIMIQUE} ; {GENOTYPE} ; {MUTATION} ; {REPARTITION} {GEOGRAPHIQUE} ; {TECHNIQUE} {PCR} ; {ANALYSE} {GENETIQUE} ; {DDT} ; {PYRETHROIDES} ; {AFRIQUE} {DE} {L}'{OUEST} ; {AFRIQUE} {CENTRALE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{M}alaria {J}ournal},
  volume = {7},
  numero = {74},
  pages = {1--8},
  ISSN = {1475-2875},
  year = {2008},
  DOI = {10.1186/1475-2875-7-74},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010049922},
}