@article{fdi:010049349,
  title = {{T}he livelihood impacts of oil palm : smallholders in {I}ndonesia},
  author = {{R}ist, {L}. and {F}eintrenie, {L}. and {L}evang, {P}atrice},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}he biodiversity and climate consequences of oil palm ({E}laeis guineensis) expansion across {S}outh {E}ast {A}sia have received considerable attention. {T}he human side of the issue, highlighted with reports of negative livelihood outcomes and rights abuses by oil palm companies, has also led to controversy. {O}il palm related conflicts have been widely documented in {I}ndonesia yet uptake by farmers has also been extensive. {A}n assessment of the livelihood impacts of oil palm development, including sources of conflict, is needed to shed light on the apparent contradiction between these reports and the evident enthusiasm of farmers to join the oil palm craze thereby informing future expansion. {W}e assessed the impact of oil palm development on the economic wellbeing of rural farmers in {I}ndonesia. {W}e found that many smallholders have benefited substantially from the higher returns to land and labour afforded by oil palm but district authorities and smallholder cooperatives play key roles in the realisation of benefits. {C}onflicts between communities and companies have resulted almost entirely from lack of transparency, the absence of free, prior, and informed consent and unequal benefit sharing, and have been exacerbated by the absence of clear land rights. {W}e make specific recommendations to improve the present situation and foster the establishment of smallholder friendly production regimes. {O}il palm expansion in {I}ndonesia is set to continue. {I}f environmental standards can be raised and policy interventions targeted at the broader social impacts of land development this expansion may be achieved to the significant benefit of large numbers of rural smallholders.},
  keywords = {{A}griculture ; {A}groforestry ; {E}laeis guineensis ; {I}ncome ; {L}and tenure ; {L}ivelihood ; {O}il palm ; {R}ubber ; {R}ural development ; {S}hifting cultivation},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{B}iodiversity and {C}onservation},
  volume = {19},
  numero = {4},
  pages = {1009--1024},
  ISSN = {0960-3115},
  year = {2010},
  DOI = {10.1007/s10531-010-9815-z},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010049349},
}