@article{fdi:010049039,
  title = {{I}nfluence of solar variability, {CO}2 and orbital forcing between 1000 and 1850 {AD} in the {IPSLCM}4 model},
  author = {{S}ervonnat, {J}. and {Y}iou, {P}. and {K}hodri, {M}yriam and {S}wingedouw, {D}. and {D}envil, {S}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{S}tudying the climate of the last millennium gives the possibility to deal with a relatively well-documented climate essentially driven by natural forcings. {W}e have performed two simulations with the {IPSLCM}4 climate model to evaluate the impact of {T}otal {S}olar {I}rradiance ({TSI}), {CO}2 and orbital forcing on secular temperature variability during the preindustrial part of the last millennium. {T}he {N}orthern {H}emisphere ({NH}) temperature of the simulation reproduces the amplitude of the {NH} temperature reconstructions over the last millennium. {U}sing a linear statistical decomposition we evaluated that {TSI} and {CO}2 have similar contributions to secular temperature variability between 1425 and 1850 {AD}. {T}hey generate a temperature minimum comparable to the {L}ittle {I}ce {A}ge shown by the temperature reconstructions. {S}olar forcing explains similar to 80% of the {NH} temperature variability during the first part of the millennium (1000-1425 {AD}) including the {M}edieval {C}limate {A}nomaly ({MCA}). {I}t is responsible for a warm period which occurs two centuries later than in the reconstructions. {T}his mismatch implies that the secular variability during the {MCA} is not fully explained by the response of the model to the {TSI} reconstruction. {W}ith a signal-noise ratio ({SNR}) estimate we found that the temperature signal of the forced simulation is significantly different from internal variability over area wider than similar to 5.10(6) km(2), i.e. approximately the extent of {E}urope. {O}rbital forcing plays a significant role in latitudes higher than 65{A} degrees {N} in summer and supports the conclusions of a recent study on an {A}rctic temperature reconstruction over past two millennia. {T}he forced variability represents at least half of the temperature signal on only similar to 30% of the surface of the globe. {T}his study suggests that regional reconstructions of the temperature between 1000 and 1850 {AD} are likely to show weak signatures of solar, {CO}2 and orbital forcings compared to internal variability.},
  keywords = {},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{C}limate of the {P}ast},
  volume = {6},
  numero = {4},
  pages = {445--460},
  ISSN = {1814-9324},
  year = {2010},
  DOI = {10.5194/cp-6-445-2010},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010049039},
}