@article{fdi:010048368,
  title = {{T}rends in {DDT} and pyrethroid resistance in {A}nopheles gambiae s.s. populations from urban and agro-industrial settings in southern {C}ameroon},
  author = {{N}wane, {P}. and {E}tang, {J}. and {C}houaibou, {M}. and {T}oto, {J}. {C}. and {K}erah-{H}inzoumb{\'e}, {C}. and {M}impfoundi, {R}. and {A}wono-{A}mbene, {H}. {P}. and {S}imard, {F}r{\'e}d{\'e}ric},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground: {P}yrethroid insecticides are widely used for insect pest control in {C}ameroon. {I}n certain insect species, particularly the malaria vector {A}nopheles gambiae, resistance to this class of insecticides is a source of great concern and needs to be monitored in order to sustain the efficacy of vector control operations in the fields. {T}his study highlights trends in {DDT} and pyrethroid resistance in wild {A}n. gambiae populations from {S}outh {C}ameroon. {M}ethods: {M}osquitoes were collected between 2001 and 2007 in four sites in {S}outh {C}ameroon, where insecticides are used for agricultural or personal protection purposes. {I}nsecticide use was documented in each site by interviewing residents. {B}atches of 2-4 days old adult female mosquitoes reared from larval collections were tested for susceptibility to {DDT}, permethrin and deltamethrin using standard {WHO} procedures. {C}ontrol, dead and survivors mosquitoes from bioassays were identified by {PCR}-{RFLP} and characterized for the kdr mutations using either the {AS}-{PCR} or the {HOLA} method. {R}esults: {F}our chemical insecticide groups were cited in the study sites: organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids. {T}hese chemicals were used for personal, crop or wood protection. {I}n the four {A}n. gambiae populations tested, significant variation in resistance levels, molecular forms composition and kdr frequencies were recorded in the time span of the study. {I}ncreases in {DDT} and pyrethroid resistance, as observed in most areas, were generally associated with an increase in the relative frequency of the {S} molecular form carrying the kdr mutations at higher frequencies. {I}n {M}angoum, however, where only the {S} form was present, a significant increase in the frequency of kdr alleles between 2003 to 2007 diverged with a decrease of the level of resistance to {DDT} and pyrethroids. {A}nalyses of the kdr frequencies in dead and surviving mosquitoes showed partial correlation between the kdr genotypes and resistance phenotypes, suggesting that the kdr mechanism may act with certain cofactors to be identified. {C}onclusion: {T}hese results demonstrate the ongoing spread of kdr alleles in {A}n. gambiae in {C}entral {A}frica. {T}he rapid evolution of insecticide resistance in this highly dynamic and genetically polymorphic species remains a challenge for its control.},
  keywords = {},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{B}mc {I}nfectious {D}iseases},
  volume = {9},
  numero = {},
  pages = {163},
  ISSN = {1471-2334},
  year = {2009},
  DOI = {10.1186/1471-2334-9-163},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010048368},
}