@article{fdi:010046051,
  title = {{C}ryotherapy of shoot tips : a technique for pathogen eradication to produce healthy planting materials and prepare healthy plant genetic resources for cryopreservation},
  author = {{W}ang, {Q}. {C}. and {P}anis, {B}. and {E}ngelmann, {F}lorent and {L}ambardi, {M}. and {V}alkonen, {J}. {P}. {T}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{C}ryotherapy of shoot tips is a new method for pathogen eradication based on cryopreservation techniques. {C}ryopreservation refers to the storage of biological samples at ultra-low temperature, usually that of liquid nitrogen (-196 degrees {C}), and is considered as an ideal means for long-term storage of plant germplasm. {I}n cryotherapy, plant pathogens such as viruses, phytoplasmas and bacteria are eradicated from shoot tips by exposing them briefly to liquid nitrogen. {U}neven distribution of viruses and obligate vasculature-limited microbes in shoot tips allows elimination of the infected cells by injuring them with the cryo-treatment and regeneration of healthy shoots from the surviving pathogen-free meristematic cells. {T}hermotherapy followed by cryotherapy of shoot tips can be used to enhance virus eradication. {C}ryotherapy of shoot tips is easy to implement. {I}t allows treatment of large numbers of samples and results in a high frequency of pathogen-free regenerants. {D}ifficulties related to excision and regeneration of small meristems are largely circumvented. {T}o date, severe pathogens in banana ({M}usa spp.), {C}itrus spp., grapevine ({V}itis vinifera), {P}runus spp., raspberry ({R}ubus idaeus), potato ({S}olanum tuberosum) and sweet potato ({I}pomoea batatas) have been eradicated using cryotherapy. {T}hese pathogens include nine viruses (banana streak virus, cucumber mosaic virus, grapevine virus {A}, plum pox virus, potato leaf roll virus, potato virus {Y}, raspberry bushy dwarf virus, sweet potato feathery mottle virus and sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus), sweet potato little leaf phytoplasma and {H}uanglongbing bacterium causing 'citrus greening'. {C}ryopreservation protocols have been developed for a wide variety of plant species, including agricultural and horticultural crops and ornamental plants, and can be used as such or adjusted for the purpose of cryotherapy.},
  keywords = {{B}acteria ; cryotherapy ; pathogen eradication ; phytoplasma ; tissue culture ; virus},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{A}nnals of {A}pplied {B}iology},
  volume = {154},
  numero = {3},
  pages = {351--363},
  ISSN = {0003-4746},
  year = {2009},
  DOI = {10.1111/j.1744-7348.2008.00308.x},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010046051},
}