@article{fdi:010044107,
  title = {{T}he {AD} 1300-1700 eruptive periods at {T}ungurahua volcano, {E}cuador, revealed by historical narratives, stratigraphy and radiocarbon dating},
  author = {{L}e {P}ennec, {J}ean-{L}uc and {J}aya, {D}. and {S}amaniego, {P}ablo and {R}amon, {P}. and {Y}anez, {S}. {M}. and {E}gred, {J}. and van der {P}licht, {J}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}ungurahua is a frequently active and hazardous volcano of the {E}cuadorian {A}ndes that has experienced pyroclastic flow-forming eruption in 1773, 1886, 1916-18 and 2006-08. {E}arlier eruptions in {L}ate {P}re-{H}ispanic and {E}arly {C}olonial times have remained poorly known and are debated in the literature. {T}o reconstruct the eruptive chronology in that time interval we examine relevant historical narratives recently found in {S}evilla, {S}pain, and {R}ome, {I}taly, and we combine stratigraphic field constraints with 22 new radiocarbon age determinations. {R}esults show that pyroclastic flow-forming eruptions and tephra falls took place repeatedly since similar to 700 {C}-14 yr {BP}, when the {T}ungurahua region was already populated. {R}adiocarbon ages averaging around 625 yr {BP} reveal a period of notable eruptive activity in the 14th century ({L}ate {I}ntegration cultural period). {T}he associated andesitic eruptions produced ash and scoria falls of regional extent and left scoria flow deposits on the western flanks of the edifice. {T}he fact that {T}ungurahua was known by the {P}uruhas {I}ndians as a volcano at the time of the {S}panish {C}onquest in 1533 perhaps refers to these eruptions. {A} group of ages ranging from 380 to 270 yr {BP} is attributed to younger periods of activity that also predates the 1773 event, and calibration results yield eruption dates from late 15th to late 17th centuries (i.e. {I}nca and {E}arly {C}olonial {P}eriods). {T}he historical narratives mention an {E}arly {C}olonial eruption between the {S}panish {C}onquest and the end of the 16th century, followed by a distinct eruptive period in the 1640s. {T}he descriptions are vague but point to destructive eruptions likely accompanied by pyroclastic flows. {T}he dated tephras consist of andesitic scoria flow deposits and the contemporaneous fallout layers occur to the west. {T}hese findings reveal that the eruption recurrence rate at {T}ungurahua is at least one pyroclastic flow-forming event per century since the 13th century and the occurrence of such eruptions in 2006-08 is thus fully consistent with the rate inferred for the past seven centuries. {I}n addition, historical chronicles suggest that a notch opened in the crater margin during the 1640 decade, as has occurred repeatedly in the past millennium at {T}ungurahua. {S}uch small-volume collapse events represent a previously unrecognized source of hazards which deserve special attention for risk assessment purposes in the context of the currently ongoing eruption.},
  keywords = {{T}ungurahua ; {E}cuador ; {R}adiocarbon dating ; {I}ntegration period ; {V}olcanic hazards},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{J}ournal of {V}olcanology and {G}eothermal {R}esearch},
  volume = {176},
  numero = {1 {S}pecial {I}ssue},
  pages = {70--81},
  ISSN = {0377-0273},
  year = {2008},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.05.019},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010044107},
}