@article{fdi:010042741,
  title = {{C}ould deficit irrigation be a sustainable practice for quinoa ({C}henopodium quinoa {W}illd.) in the {S}outhern {B}olivian {A}ltiplano?},
  author = {{G}eerts, {S}. and {R}aes, {D}. and {G}arcia, {M}. and {C}ondori, {O}. and {M}amani, {J}. and {M}iranda, {R}. and {C}usicanqui, {J}. and {T}aboada, {C}. and {Y}ucra, {E}. and {V}acher, {J}ean},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}he application of deficit irrigation ({DI}) to stabilize yield and to increase water productivity of quinoa ({C}henopodium quinoa {W}illd.) raises questions in the and {S}outhern {A}ltiplano of {B}olivia where water resources are limited and often saline. {R}ainfed quinoa and quinoa with irrigation restricted to the flowering and early grain filling were studied during the growing seasons of 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 in a location with ({I}rpani) and without ({M}ejillones) water contribution from a shallow water table. {I}t was found that the effect of additional irrigation was only significant above a basic fulfillment of crop water requirements of around 55%. {B}elow this threshold, yields, total water use efficiency ({TWUE}) and marginal irrigation water use efficiency ({MIWUE}) of quinoa with {DI} were low. {C}apillary rise ({CR}) from groundwater was assessed using the one-dimensional {UPFLOW} model. {T}he contribution of water from capillary rise in the region of {I}rpani ranges from 8 to 25% of seasonal crop evapotranspiration ({ET}c) of quinoa, depending mostly on the depth of the groundwater table and the amount of rainfall during the rainy season. {DI} with poor quality water and cultivation of crops in fields with a shallow saline groundwater table pose a serious threat for sustainable quinoa farming. {T}o assess the impact of saline water resources, soil salinity and required leaching were simulated by combining the soil water and salt balance model {BUDGET} with {UPFLOW}. {T}he results indicate that irrigation of quinoa with saline water and/or {CR} from a saline shallow water table might, already after 1 year, result in significant salt accumulation in the root zone in the and {S}outhern {A}ltiplano. {A} farming system with only 1 year fallow is often insufficient to leach sufficient salts out of the root zone. {I}n case the number of fallow years cannot be increased, leaching by means of an important irrigation application before sowing is an alternative. {A}lthough potentially beneficial, {DI} of quinoa in and regions such as the {S}outhern {B}olivian {A}ltiplano should be considered with precaution.},
  keywords = {{D}rought stress ; {W}ater use efficiency ; {C}apillary rise ; {U}pflow ; {S}oil salinity ; {B}udget},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{A}gricultural {W}ater {M}anagement},
  volume = {95},
  numero = {8},
  pages = {909--917},
  ISSN = {0378-3774},
  year = {2008},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.agwat.2008.02.012},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010042741},
}