@article{fdi:010042505,
  title = {{I}ntroducing deficit irrigation to stabilize yields of quinoa ({C}henopodium quinoa {W}illd.)},
  author = {{G}eerts, {S}. and {R}aes, {D}. and {G}arcia, {M}. and {V}acher, {J}ean and {M}amani, {R}. and {M}endoza, {J}. and {H}uanca, {R}. and {M}orales, {B}. and {M}iranda, {R}. and {C}usicanqui, {J}. and {T}aboada, {C}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{A}griculture needs to increase its production with a small amount of available fresh water. {D}eficit irrigation ({DI}) is now widely been investigated as one of the solutions for this problem. {T}he effects of concentrated drought stress in various phenological stages of quinoa on total production were assessed in above-ground mini-lysimeters under controlled conditions in the {B}olivian {A}ltiplano. {F}rom the results of the controlled experiment a promising {DI} strategy was obtained which consisted in mitigating droughts during plant establishment and during the reproductive stage (flowering and early grain filling). {T}he {DI} strategy was tested in the field by respecting local agricultural practices and compared with full irrigation ({FI}) and rainfed treatments. {T}he field experiments were conducted in two locations in the central {B}olivian {A}ltiplano ({P}atacamaya and {C}ondoriri) and in two cropping seasons (2005-2006, and 2006-2007). {T}he performance of quinoa in all experiments was assessed by measuring total seed yield, seed size, harvest index ({HI}) and water use efficiency ({WUE}). {F}rom the controlled experiment, the negative effect of continuous drought was demonstrated. {T}he milky grain phase was observed as being most sensitive to drought stress, followed by the flowering stage. {D}rought stress after emergence till the 6-leaf stage and from the 6-leaf stage till the 12-leaf stage did not cause lower yields and resulted in equal or higher {WUE} than {F}l. {I}n {C}ondoriri no significant differences were found between the {DI} and rainfed treatment as a result of the good rainfall distribution during the critical phenological stages. {T}he {DI} strategy in {P}atacamaya in 2005-2006 resulted in significantly higher yields (2 {M}g/ha) and 1000 seed mass (5.5 g) as compared to the rainfed treatment (1.7 {M}g/ha and 4.2 g, respectively). {T}he field experiment of 2006-2007 indicated that additional irrigation during the late vegetative stage is redundant and that a {DI} strategy with irrigation only during plant establishment is insufficient. {A} significant, negative linear relation was demonstrated in the mini-lysimeter and field experiments between pre- and post-anthesis {ET}a and {WUE}, indicating the extra harmful character of droughts during flowering and grain filling if the crop did not suffer drought stress before flowering. {F}rom the field results, former studies and observations in farmers' fields, indicative values for the net irrigation requirement, expected yields and {WUE} for various management conditions, irrigation applications and for different types of years were derived. {I}t is believed that quinoa yields can be stabilized at 1.2 up to 2 {M}g/ha with the help of {DI} by applying only half of the irrigation water required for full irrigation.},
  keywords = {yield ; harvest index ; crop evapotranspiration ; drought stress ; water use efficiency ; water balance},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{E}uropean {J}ournal of {A}gronomy},
  volume = {28},
  numero = {3},
  pages = {427--436},
  ISSN = {1161-0301},
  year = {2008},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.eja.2007.11.008},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010042505},
}