@article{fdi:010040954,
  title = {{M}easurement and modelling of high-resolution flow-velocity data under simulated rainfall on a low-slope sandy soil},
  author = {{T}atard, {L}. and {P}lanchon, {O}livier and {W}ainwright, {J}. and {N}ord, {G}. and {F}avis {M}ortlock, {D}. and {S}ilvera, {N}orbert and {R}ibolzi, {O}livier and {E}steves, {M}ichel and {H}uang, {C}. {H}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}he study presented here is focussed on the question of the hydraulic nature of the threshold that allows a rill to start. {A} rainfall-simulation experiment was carried out to produce high-resolution flow-velocity data. {T}he experiment employed a 10 m x 4 m experimental plot with a 1% slope, which had been previously eroded and had a small rill formed in the middle. {T}he experiment consisted of a 2 h 15'-{L}ong rainfall at a constant intensity of 69 mm h(-1). {S}urface elevation was measured before rainfall at a horizontal resolution of 2.5 cm across, and 5 cm along the slope direction. {D}uring rainfall, flow-velocities were measured at 68 locations on the plot with the salt velocity gauge technology, an automated, miniaturized device based on the inverse modelling of the propagation of a salt plume. {T}he experiment led to the collection of flow-velocity measurements which are novel in three ways: (i) the small size of the measured section, which was only 10-cm long and 1-cm wide, (ii) the wide range of measured flow-velocities, which ranged from 0.006 m s(-1) to 0.27 m s(-1) and, (iii) the large number of measured locations. {T}he flow-velocity field was simulated with three models: {PSEM}_2{D} solves the {S}aint-{V}enant equations in 2{D}, {MAHLERAN} uses a 1{D} kinematic wave in the slope direction coupled with a 2{D} flow-routing algorithm, and {R}illgrow2, which involves an empirical runoff algorithm that is close in principle to the diffusion-wave equation in 2{D}. {T}he {D}arcy-{W}eisbach friction factor (ff) and the infiltration parameters were calibrated in all cases to investigate the capabilities of the different models to reproduce flow hydraulics compatible with the onset of rilling. {I}n a first set of numerical experiments, ff was set uniform, and calibration used only the hydrograph. {T}he comparison of simulated and observed flow-velocity field showed that {PSEM}_2{D} was the most satisfying model, at the cost of longer computational time. {MAHLERAN} gave surprisingly good results with regards to the simplicity of the model and its low computational needs. {H}owever, all models largely underestimated the highest velocity values, located in the rill. {F}urthermore, none of the models was able to simulate the {R}eynolds ({R}e) and {F}roude ({F}r) numbers. {T}he next numerical experiment was done with {PSEM}_2{D}. {N}on-uniform ff values were calibrated by fitting the simulated flow-velocity field to the observed one. {T}he latter simulation produced realistic simulations of {R}e and {F}r. {T}he hydraulic conditions at the transition from interrill flow to rill flow are discussed. {T}he results support the theory that supercritical flows are a necessary condition for a rill to emerge from a smooth surface.},
  keywords = {},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{J}ournal of {H}ydrology},
  volume = {348},
  numero = {1-2},
  pages = {1--12},
  ISSN = {0022-1694},
  year = {2008},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.07.016},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010040954},
}