@article{fdi:010040953,
  title = {{S}alt crust development in paddy fields owing to soil evaporation and drainage : contribution of chloride and deuterium profile analysis},
  author = {{G}runberger, {O}livier and {M}acaigne, {P}. and {M}ichelot, {J}. {L}. and {H}artmann, {C}hristian and {S}ukchan, {S}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{I}n {N}ortheast {T}hailand lowlands with shallow saline watertable, rainfed paddy fields often present high salt concentration in the dry season, forming patches or spots of salt crusts on the soil surface. {I}n this context, the mechanisms implied in salt concentration during dry season were studied by establishing salt budget with evaporation and drainage estimates inside and outside a saline patch. {D}rainage was estimated by {H}ydrus-1{D} modelling constrained by an hydrodynamic characterization and the profile of water contents at the end of dry season. {E}vaporation rates at the end of the dry season were computed by interpreting natural detailed profiles of deuterium ({D}) and chloride ({C}l) contents. {B}ecause of the drastic diminution of hydraulic conductivity at saturation with depth and the decrease of groundwater level at the end of the cropping season, simulated hydrological balance with {H}ydrus-1{D} pointed out zero cumulated fluxes for depths of 39.5 cm (outside the saline patch) and 37.5 cm (inside the saline patch). {T}herefore, ail the chloride accumulated in the very upper layers during dry season comes from the chloride that was present in the 0-39.5 cm layers before the beginning of the drying. {I}nside the saline patch, the tentative {C}l budget is coherent with the hypothesis of saturation of the profile by aquifer saline water during the flooding. {E}vaporation rates computed from the diffusion of chloride and deuterium at the end of the drying season, when the aquifer level was 1.4 m deep, range between 0.121 and 0.378 mm d(-1). {T}his does not sustain the assumption of a considerable salinity contribution from the aquifer during the dry season. {M}oreover, evaporation estimates based on {C}l and {D} diffusion equilibrium showed depleted rates (38-63%) inside the saline patch due to salt accumulation in the first 12 cm of the soil. {I}n the vapour transfer {L}ayer, estimated evaporation rate based on the vapour movement of {D} was in the same order of magnitude than computed rate assuming liquid {C}l diffusion. {T}his coincidence is attributed to the liquid fluxes that occurred during the expansion of the vapour transfer {L}ayer during the progression of the evaporation front.},
  keywords = {},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{J}ournal of {H}ydrology},
  volume = {348},
  numero = {1-2},
  pages = {110--123},
  ISSN = {0022-1694},
  year = {2008},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.09.039},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010040953},
}