@article{fdi:010040731,
  title = {{V}itrification, encapsulation-vitrification and droplet-vitrification : {A} review},
  author = {{S}akai, {A}. and {E}ngelmann, {F}lorent},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}his paper discusses the importance of the successive steps of the vitrification technique and reviews the current development and use of vitrification and of the two derived protocols, encapsulation-vitrification and droplet-vitrification. {V}itrification refers to the physical process by which a highly concentrated cryoprotective solution supercools to very low temperatures and finally solidifies into a metastable glass, without undergoing crystallization at a practical cooling rate. {S}amples are thus cryopreserved without detrimental intracellular ice formation. {I}n a standard vitrification protocol, excised explants are precultured on medium enriched with sucrose, treated ('loaded') with a loading solution composed of 2 {M} glycerol + 0.4 {M} sucrose, dehydrated with a highly concentrated vitrification solution [e.g. the {PVS}2 vitrification solution, which contains 30% (w/v) glycerol, 15% (w/v) ethylene, glycol and 15% (w/v) {DMSO} and 0.4 {M} sucrose], frozen and rewarmed rapidly, unloaded with basal culture medium supplemented with 1.2 {M} sucrose, and then transferred to standard culture conditions. {I}n the encapsulation-vitrification technique, the explants are encapsulated in alginate beads, loaded and dehydrated with a vitrification solution before rapid immersion in liquid nitrogen. {I}n the droplet-freezing technique, excised explants are loaded, treated with the vitrification solution and frozen in individual microdroplets of vitrification solution placed on aluminium foils, which are immersed rapidly in liquid nitrogen. {T}hese three techniques have been applied to different tissues of over 100 plant species from temperate and tropical origins and the number of cases where they are being tested on a large scale or applied routinely is increasing.},
  keywords = {plant germplasm ; long term conservation ; cryopreservation ; vitrification ; encapsulation vitrification ; droplet vitrification},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{C}ryoletters},
  volume = {28},
  numero = {3},
  pages = {151--172},
  ISSN = {0143-2044},
  year = {2007},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010040731},
}