@article{fdi:010037981,
  title = {{M}ultiple insecticide resistance mechanisms in {A}nopheles gambiae and {C}ulex quinquefasciatus from {B}enin, {W}est {A}frica},
  author = {{C}orbel, {V}incent and {N}'{G}uessan, {R}. and {B}rengues, {C}{\'e}cile and {C}handre, {F}abrice and {D}jogbenou, {L}. and {M}artin, {T}hibaud and {A}kogbeto, {A}. and {H}ougard, {J}ean-{M}arc and {R}owland, {M}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ecause free-insecticide treated net distribution is planned in {B}enin ({W}est {A}frica) during the next few years, we investigated the type, frequency and distribution of insecticide resistance mechanisms in {A}nopheles gambiae and {C}ulex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in four localities selected on the basis of contrasting agricultural practices, use of insecticides and environment. {B}ioassays with {WHO} diagnostic test kits were carried out using pyrethroid, carbarnate, organophosphate and organochlorime insecticides. {A}n. gambiae mosquitoes were identified to species and to {M} or {S} molecular forms using {PCR} techniques. {M}olecular and biochemical assays were carried out to identify kdr and {A}ce.1 mutations in individual mosquitoes and to detect any increase in the activity of enzymes typically involved in insecticide metabolism (oxidase, esterase and glutathion-{S}-transferases). {WHO} diagnostic tests showed high frequency of resistance in {A}n. gambiae and {C}x. quinquefasciatus to permethrin and {DDT} in three areas. {T}his was consistent with the presence of target site insensitivity due to kdr mutation and to increased metabolism through enzymatic activity. {K}dr was expressed in both {M} and {S} forms. {H}owever, less than 1% of {A}n. gambiae or {C}x. quiclnuefasciatus showed the presence of the {A}ce. 1({R}) mutation. {C}arbamate/{OP} resistance was present at higher frequency in {C}ulex than in {A}n. gambiae. {D}ieldrin resistance was present in both species at all four localities. {A} higher frequency of pyrethroid-resistance was found in {A}n. gambiae mosquitoes collected in urban areas compared to those collected in rice growing areas. {T}he expansion of vegetable growing within urban areas probably contributed to selection pressure on mosquitoes. {T}he detection of multiple resistance mechanisms in both {A}n. gambiae and {C}x. quinquefasciatus in {B}enin may represent a threat for the efficacy of {ITN}s and other forms of vector control such as indoor residual spraying in the future.},
  keywords = {{A}nopheles gambiae ; {C}ulex quinquefasciatus ; malaria ; {B}enin ; vector control ; insecticide resistance},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{A}cta {T}ropica},
  volume = {101},
  numero = {3},
  pages = {207--216},
  ISSN = {0001-706{X}},
  year = {2007},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.01.005},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010037981},
}