@article{fdi:010037682, title = {{R}esponse of some {A}ndean cultivars of quinoa ({C}henopodium quinoa {W}illd.) to temperature : effects on germination, phenology, growth and freezing}, author = {{B}ois, {J}ean-{F}ran{\c{c}}ois and {W}inkel, {T}hierry and {L}homme, {J}ean-{P}aul and {R}affaillac, {J}ean-{P}ierre and {R}ocheteau, {A}lain}, editor = {}, language = {{ENG}}, abstract = {{T}his article presents various experiments conducted under semi-controlled conditions to determine the effects of temperature on germination, phenology, growth and freezing in {C}henopodium quinoa, a pseudocereal originating from the cold and dry {A}ndean altiplano. {T}raditional landraces and recently released cultivars from distinct geographical origins were compared in order to look for local adaptation or breeding improvement with respect to low temperatures. {G}ermination was evaluated in 10 cultivars at temperatures between 2 and 20 degrees {C}. {P}lant growth and development were examined in three cultivars over the growing cycle, under minimum temperature between 8 and 13 degrees {C} and maximum temperature between 20 and 28 degrees {C}. {T}he thermal time concept was used to compare the various treatments and estimate the phyllochron, as well as the base temperature and optimum temperature for leaf appearance, time to flowering and leaf width growth. {T}wo cultivars at the vegetative stage were compared for night freezing tolerance down to -6 degrees {C}, registering leaf exotherms and plant survival rate. {T}he influence of plant water status and the possible protective or detrimental role of leaf epidermal vesicles were also examined. {L}ow temperatures down to 2 degrees {C} delayed germination without impeding it totally. {B}ase temperature for germination varied between -1.9 and +0.2 degrees {C}, with negative values in 9 cultivars out of 10. {T}hermal sensitivity in germination was not related to the geographic origin of the cultivars. {L}eaf appearance and time to flowering showed similar base temperatures near {I} degrees {C}. {P}hyllochron varied from 12.9 to 17.2 degrees {C} d with lower values in the two recently released varieties than in the traditional landrace. {L}eaf width increased from a base temperature around 6 degrees {C} up to an optimum temperature between 20 and 22.5 degrees {C}. {F}reezing experiments showed that no plant could survive after 4 h at -6 degrees {C}, while no serious effect was noted down to -3 degrees {C}. {L}eaf exotherms confirmed that ice nucleation occurred between -5 and -6 degrees {C} in most of the plants, the traditional landrace showing a lower freezing tolerance than the selected line. {L}ow leaf water status delayed the freezing process, while leaf vesicles did not seem to play any protective or detrimental role towards leaf freezing. {I}mplications of these results for quinoa crop adaptation to the {A}ndean environment are discussed. (c) 2006 {E}lsevier {B}.{V}. {A}ll rights reserved.}, keywords = {quinoa ; base temperature ; epidermal vesicle ; exotherm ; freezing tolerance ; germination ; phenology ; thermal time}, booktitle = {}, journal = {{E}uropean {J}ournal of {A}gronomy}, volume = {25}, numero = {4}, pages = {299--308}, ISSN = {1161-0301}, year = {2006}, DOI = {10.1016/j.eja.2006.06.007}, URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010037682}, }