@article{fdi:010036720,
  title = {{R}angewide population genetic structure of the {A}frican malaria vector {A}nopheles funestus},
  author = {{M}ichel, {A}.{P}. and {I}ngrasci, {M}.{J}. and {S}chemerhorn, {B}.{J}. and {K}ern, {M}. and {L}e {G}off, {G}ilbert and {C}oetzee, {M}. and {E}lissa, {N}. and {F}ontenille, {D}idier and {V}ulule, {J}. and {L}ehmann, {T}. and {S}agnon, {N}. {F}. and {C}ostantini, {C}arlo and {B}esansky, {N}.{J}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{A}nopheles funestus is a primary vector of malaria in {A}frica south of the {S}ahara. {W}e assessed its rangewide population genetic structure based on samples from 11 countries, using 10 physically mapped microsatellite loci, two per autosome arm and the {X} ({N} = 548), and 834 bp of the mitochondrial {ND}5 gene ({N} = 470). {O}n the basis of microsatellite allele frequencies, we found three subdivisions: eastern (coastal {T}anzania, {M}alawi, {M}ozambique and {M}adagascar), western ({B}urkina {F}aso, {M}ali, {N}igeria and western {K}enya), and central ({G}abon, coastal {A}ngola). {A}. funestus from the southwest of {U}ganda had affinities to all three subdivisions. {M}itochondrial {DNA} (mt{DNA}) corroborated this structure, although mt{DNA} gene trees showed less resolution. {T}he eastern subdivision had significantly lower diversity, similar to the pattern found in the codistributed malaria vector {A}nopheles gambiae. {T}his suggests that both species have responded to common geographic and/or climatic constraints. {T}he western division showed signatures of population expansion encompassing {K}enya west of the {R}ift {V}alley through {B}urkina {F}aso and {M}ali. {T}his pattern also bears similarity to {A}. gambiae, and may reflect a common response to expanding human populations following the development of agriculture. {D}ue to the presumed recent population expansion, the correlation between genetic and geographic distance was weak. {M}itochondrial {DNA} revealed further cryptic subdivision in {A}. funestus, not detected in the nuclear genome. {M}ozambique and {M}adagascar samples contained two mt{DNA} lineages, designated clade {I} and clade {II}, that were separated by two fixed differences and an average of 2% divergence, which implies that they have evolved independently for similar to 1 million years. {C}lade {I} was found in all 11 locations, whereas clade {II} was sampled only on {M}adagascar and {M}ozambique. {W}e suggest that the latter clade may represent mt{DNA} capture by {A}. funestus, resulting from historical gene flow either among previously isolated and divergent populations or with a related species.},
  keywords = {{A}frica ; {A}nopheles funestus ; malaria vector ; microsatellites ; mitochondrial {DNA} ; population genetics},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{M}olecular {E}cology},
  volume = {14},
  numero = {14},
  pages = {4235--4248},
  ISSN = {0962-1083},
  year = {2005},
  DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-294{X}.2005.02754.x},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010036720},
}