Fang S. W. auteur aut IRD Pausata F. S. R. auteur aut IRD Agostino R. D. auteur aut IRD Khodri Myriam auteur aut IRD Zanchettin D. auteur aut IRD Timmreck C. auteur aut IRD text journalArticle eng The response of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to a strong volcanic eruption is controlled by several mechanisms, including the spatial structure of the volcanic forcing. In the case of extratropical eruptions, a mechanism contributing to posteruption ENSO evolution involves the forced interhemispheric energy imbalance and the associated displacement of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). In this study, using 100 members of diverse (in locations and magnitude) idealized volcanic forcing ensembles from the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM1-2-LR), we find that large (>= 10-Tg sulfur) north and south extratropical eruptions lead to strong El Niño-like and weak La Niãa-like responses in the second winter following the eruption, respectively. We demonstrate that the shifts of the ITCZ are the main drivers of the ENSO response. The weaker ENSO response for the south extratropical eruptions is due to contrasting westerly anomalies in the eastern Pacific from multiple local responses and easterly anomalies in the central Pacific directly from ITCZ displacement along the equator, thereby reducing the overall response. Furthermore, when separating the 100 members based on initial ENSO states, distinct ENSO responses are found, and significant differences in ENSO tendencies can be observed even 5 years after eruptions. This study stresses the importance of seasonal differences in ITCZ displacement when studying volcanic forcing and contributes to explain the inconsistency of ENSO responses to past volcanic events. specialized Intertropical convergence zone Volcanoes Energy transport Climate variability ENSO Ensembles 021 032 066 38 21 6061-6079 2025 0894-8755 https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/PAR00030180 10.1175/jcli-d-24-0554.1 0894-8755 https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/PAR00030180 IRD - Base Horizon / Pleins textes 2025-11-18 2025-11-18 PAR00030180 fre