@article{PAR00030180,
  title = {{S}easonal {ITCZ} control on {ENSO} responses to extratropical volcanic forcing},
  author = {{F}ang, {S}. {W}. and {P}ausata, {F}. {S}. {R}. and {A}gostino, {R}. {D}. and {K}hodri, {M}yriam and {Z}anchettin, {D}. and {T}immreck, {C}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}he response of {E}l {N}iño-{S}outhern {O}scillation ({ENSO}) to a strong volcanic eruption is controlled by several mechanisms, including the spatial structure of the volcanic forcing. {I}n the case of extratropical eruptions, a mechanism contributing to posteruption {ENSO} evolution involves the forced interhemispheric energy imbalance and the associated displacement of the intertropical convergence zone ({ITCZ}). {I}n this study, using 100 members of diverse (in locations and magnitude) idealized volcanic forcing ensembles from the {M}ax {P}lanck {I}nstitute {E}arth {S}ystem {M}odel ({MPI}-{ESM}1-2-{LR}), we find that large (>= 10-{T}g sulfur) north and south extratropical eruptions lead to strong {E}l {N}iño-like and weak {L}a {N}iãa-like responses in the second winter following the eruption, respectively. {W}e demonstrate that the shifts of the {ITCZ} are the main drivers of the {ENSO} response. {T}he weaker {ENSO} response for the south extratropical eruptions is due to contrasting westerly anomalies in the eastern {P}acific from multiple local responses and easterly anomalies in the central {P}acific directly from {ITCZ} displacement along the equator, thereby reducing the overall response. {F}urthermore, when separating the 100 members based on initial {ENSO} states, distinct {ENSO} responses are found, and significant differences in {ENSO} tendencies can be observed even 5 years after eruptions. {T}his study stresses the importance of seasonal differences in {ITCZ} displacement when studying volcanic forcing and contributes to explain the inconsistency of {ENSO} responses to past volcanic events.},
  keywords = {{I}ntertropical convergence zone ; {V}olcanoes ; {E}nergy transport ; {C}limate ; variability ; {ENSO} ; {E}nsembles},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{J}ournal of {C}limate},
  volume = {38},
  numero = {21},
  pages = {6061--6079},
  ISSN = {0894-8755},
  year = {2025},
  DOI = {10.1175/jcli-d-24-0554.1},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/{PAR}00030180},
}