@article{PAR00024288,
  title = {{S}ymbiodiniaceae diversity and characterization of palytoxin in various zoantharians ({A}nthozoa, {H}exacorallia)},
  author = {{S}awelew, {L}. and {N}uccio, {C}. and {F}oord, {C}. and {L}orquin, {J}ean and {P}erez, {Y}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{A}nemone-like animals belonging to the order {Z}oantharia are common anthozoans widely distributed from shallow to deep tropical and subtropical waters. {S}ome species are well-known because of their high toxicity due to the presence of palytoxin ({PLTX}) in their tissues. {PLTX} is a large polyhydroxylated compound and one of the most potent toxins known. {C}urrently, the {PLTX} biosynthetic pathway in zoantharians and the role of the host or the putative symbiotic organism(s) involved in this pathway are entirely unknown. {T}o better understand the presence of {PLTX} in some {Z}oantharia, twenty-nine zoantharian colonies were analysed in this study. {A}ll zoantharian samples and their endosymbiotic dinoflagellates ({S}ymbiodiniaceae = {Z}ooxanthellae) were identified using {DNA} barcoding and phylogenetic reconstructions. {Q}uantification of {PLTX} and its analogues showed that the yields contained in {P}alythoa heliodiscus, {P}alythoa aff. clavata and one potentially undescribed species of {P}alythoa are among the highest ever found (up to > 2 mg/g of wet zoantharian). {M}ass spectrometry imaging was used for the first time on {P}alythoa samples and revealed that in situ distribution of {PLTX} is mainly located in ectodermal tissues such as the epidermis of the body wall and the pharynx. {M}oreover, high levels of {PLTX} have been detected in histological regions where few or no {S}ymbiodiniaceae cells could be observed. {F}inally, issues such as host-specificity and environmental variables driving biogeographical patterns of hosted {S}ymbiodiniaceae in zoantharian lineages were discussed in light of our phylogenetic results as well as the patterns of {PLTX} distribution. {I}t was concluded that (1) the variability of {S}ymbiodiniaceae diversity may be related to ecological divergence in {Z}oantharia, (2) all {P}alythoa species hosted {C}ladocopium {S}ymbiodiniaceae (formerly clade {C}), (3) the sole presence of {C}ladocopium is not sufficient to explain the presence of high concentrations of {PLTX} and/or its analogues, and (4) the ability to produce high levels of {PLTX} and/or its analogues highlighted in some {P}alythoa species could be a plesiomorphic character inherited from their last common ancestor and subsequently lost in several lineages.},
  keywords = {{L}iquid chromatography ; {M}ass spectrometry imaging ; {P}alythoa ; {P}alytoxin ; {P}hylogenetics ; {S}ymbiodiniaceae ; {Z}oanthus},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{O}rganisms {D}iversity and {E}volution},
  volume = {[{E}arly access]},
  numero = {},
  pages = {},
  ISSN = {1439-6092},
  year = {2022},
  DOI = {10.1007/s13127-022-00550-2},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/{PAR}00024288},
}