@article{PAR00009571,
  title = {{E}scaping the lianoid habit : evolution of shrub-like growth forms in aristolochia subgenus isotrema (aristolochiaceae)},
  author = {{W}agner, {S}. {T}. and {I}snard, {S}andrine and {R}owe, {N}. {P}. and {S}amain, {M}. {S}. and {N}einhuis, {C}. and {W}anke, {S}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{P}remise of the study: {A} large range of growth forms is a notable aspect of angiosperm diversity and arguably a key element of their success. {H}owever, few studies within a phylogenetic context have explored how anatomical, developmental, and biomechanical traits are linked with growth form evolution. {A}ristolochia (similar to 500 species) consists predominantly of climbers, but a handful of shrub-like species are known from {A}ristolochia subgenus {I}sotrema (hereafter, shortened to {I}sotrema). {W}e test hypotheses proposing that the establishment of functional traits linked to lianescence might limit the ability to evolve structurally diverse growth forms, particularly self-supporting forms. {M}ethods: {W}e focus on the origin of the shrub habit in {I}sotrema, from which we sampled representatives from climbing to self-supporting forms. {M}orphological, anatomical, and biomechanical characters are optimized on a chloroplast- and nuclear-derived phylogeny. {K}ey results: {C}haracter-state reconstructions revealed that the climbing habit is plesiomorphic in {I}sotrema and shrub-like forms are derived from climbers. {H}owever, shrubs do not constitute a monophyletic group. {B}oth shrubs and climbers show large multiseriate rays, but differ in terms of vessel size and proportion of fibers and soft tissues. {C}onclusion: {W}e suggest that while shrub-like species might have partly escaped from the constraints of life as lianas; their height size and stability are not typical of self-supporting shrubs and trees. {S}hrubs retained lianoid stem characters that are known to promote flexibility such as ray parenchyma. {T}he transitions to a shrub-like form likely involved relatively simple, developmental changes that may be attributed to heterochronic processes.},
  keywords = {anatomy ; ancestral character state reconstruction ; {A}ristolochia ; biomechanics ; chloroplast ; liana ; leptocaulous ; nuclear single copy ; gene ; pachycaulous ; phylogeny},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{A}merican {J}ournal of {B}otany},
  volume = {99},
  numero = {10},
  pages = {1609--1629},
  ISSN = {0002-9122},
  year = {2012},
  DOI = {10.3732/ajb.1200244},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/{PAR}00009571},
}