@article{PAR00008806,
  title = {{W}hen groundwater takes over : linking 40 years of agricultural and groundwater dynamics in a large-scale irrigation scheme in {M}orocco},
  author = {{K}uper, {M}. and {H}ammani, {A}. and {C}hohin, {A}. and {G}arin, {P}atrice and {S}aaf, {M}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{W}hen large-scale irrigation schemes were created, establishing viable, and closely supervised, medium-sized family farms was considered essential to reap the benefits of state investments. {T}his centralized development model was progressively dismantled, especially as farmers installed private tubewells relying less on surface water. {O}ur aim is to analyse development pathways of family farms in the {T}adla irrigation scheme ({M}orocco). {R}esults showed that pathways were linked to groundwater access, but also to (informal) land markets, and off-farm revenues. {G}roundwater enabled farmers to overcome reductions in surface water, and diversify crops. {T}his concerned mainly the 36% large and medium-sized farms. {S}uch farmers also managed to increase their cropped area through land markets, as renting in land, and producing market crops, require capital. {G}roundwater showed limited redistributive capacities, as only 20% of small-scale farmers obtained direct access. {F}armers' off-farm revenues sustained livelihoods, especially in dry years, but were generally not reinvested in agriculture. {O}ver the past 40 years, groundwater has been mainly mobilized from phreatic aquifers, recharged by rainfall and surface irrigation. {T}heir use seems sustainable, but farmers are exploring deeper aquifers while the administration encourages conversion to micro-irrigation, thus reducing aquifer recharge and complicating the future of the groundwater economy.},
  keywords = {groundwater ; irrigation ; conjunctive use ; family farms ; development ; pathways ; {M}orocco},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{I}rrigation and {D}rainage},
  volume = {61},
  numero = {1},
  pages = {45--53},
  ISSN = {1531-0353},
  year = {2012},
  DOI = {10.1002/ird.1653},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/{PAR}00008806},
}