@article{PAR00002717,
  title = {{T}he formation rate of {N}orth {A}tlantic {D}eep {W}ater and {E}ighteen {D}egree {W}ater calculated from {CFC}-11 inventories observed during {WOCE}},
  author = {{L}e{B}el, {D}. {A}. and {S}methie, {W}. {M}. and {R}hein, {M}. and {K}ieke, {D}. and {F}ine, {R}. {A}. and {B}ullister, {J}. {L}. and {M}in, {D}. {H}. and {R}oether, {W}. and {W}eiss, {R}. {F}. and {A}ndri{\'e}, {C}hantal and {S}mythe-{W}right, {D}. and {J}ones, {E}. {P}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}he accumulation of man-made chlorofluorocarbons ({CFC}s) in subsurface water masses is directly related to their formation rate, and the water mass formation rate can be calculated from its {CFC} inventory. {CFC}-11 inventories between 65 degrees {N} and 10 degrees {S} in the {A}tlantic {O}cean have been calculated for {E}ighteen {D}egree {W}ater ({EDW}) and the components of {N}orth {A}tlantic {D}eep {W}ater ({NADW}) from data collected primarily between 1996 and 1998 as part of the {W}orld {O}cean {C}irculation {E}xperiment ({WOCE}). {CFC}-11 inventories for individual water masses are 5.4 million moles for {EDW}, 10.5 million moles for {U}pper {L}abrador {S}ea {W}ater ({ULSW}) (4.6 million moles south of 42 degrees {N}), 23.4 million moles for {C}lassical {L}abrador {S}ea {W}ater ({CLSW}), 10.4 million moles for {I}celand-{S}cotland {O}verflow {W}ater ({ISOW}), and 8.3 million moles for {D}enmark {S}trait {O}verflow {W}ater ({DSOW}). {T}he estimated error for these inventories is about +/- 10%. {T}he sum of the {NADW} components ({ULSW}, {CLSW}, {ISOW}, {DSOW}) is 53.2 million moles which is about half of the total {CFC}-11 inventory, 103.8 million moles, in the {N}orth {A}tlantic {O}cean. {M}aps of water column inventories illustrate the formation mechanisms and spreading pathways within these water masses. {T}he inventories directly reflect the input of newly formed water in the {N}orth {A}tlantic over the time scale of the {CFC} transient, about 3 decades. {T}he interior regions of the {N}orth {A}tlantic contain most (75-80%) of the {CFC}-11 inventory in {NADW} indicating strong recirculation and mixing of newly formed {NADW} from the {DWBC} into the interior with a time scale of 2-3 decades. {A}verage water mass formation rates between 1970 and 1997 are: 3.3{S}v for {EDW}, 3.5{S}v for {ULSW} (2.0{S}v from the central {L}abrador {S}ea and 1.5 {S}v from the southern {L}abrador {S}ea), 8.2 {S}v for {CLSW}, 5.7 {S}v for {ISOW}, and 2.2 {S}v for {DSOW}. {E}stimated errors are +/- 20% for {CLSW} and +/- 16% for the other water masses. {T}he total for {NADW}, which forms the deep limb of the {N}orth {A}tlantic {M}eridional {O}verturning {C}irculation, is 19.6 {S}v. {A}n extensive test of the effects of temporal variability on the average formation rate calculated from the {CFC} inventory indicates that the error introduced by the assumption of a constant water mass formation rate is no greater than 15% for {CLSW} and 10% for the other water masses.},
  keywords = {{N}orth atlantic deep water ; {E}ighteen degree water ; {C}fcs ; {F}ormation rate ; {C}irculation},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{D}eep-{S}ea {R}esearch {P}art {I}-{O}ceanographic {R}esearch {P}apers},
  volume = {55},
  numero = {8},
  pages = {891--910},
  ISSN = {0967-0637},
  year = {2008},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.dsr.2008.03.009},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/{PAR}00002717},
}