@article{fdi:010085263,
  title = {{R}elative contributions of sea surface temperature and atmospheric nonlinearities to {ENSO} asymmetrical rainfall response},
  author = {{S}rinivas, {G}. and {V}ialard, {J}{\'e}r{\^o}me and {L}engaigne, {M}atthieu and {I}zumo, {T}akeshi and {G}uilyardi, {E}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{H}ere, we investigate the relative roles of atmospheric nonlinearities and asymmetrical sea surface temperature ({SST}) forcing in the {E}l {N}ino-{S}outhern {O}scillation ({ENSO}) asymmetrical rainfall response. {A}pplying a vertically integrated water vapor budget to the {ERA}5 reanalysis leads to a simple analytical equation for precipitation anomalies. {T}his formulation reveals that {ENSO} rainfall anomalies are dominated by the linear component of the dynamical term (i.e., the anomalous moisture convergence due to the effect of circulation anomalies on climatological humidity). {N}onlinearities in this term and the linear thermodynamical term (i.e., the effect of climatological circulation on humidity anomalies) both strengthen central {P}acific rainfall anomalies for both {ENSO} phases. {I}n contrast, the nonlinear term associated with the effect of anomalous divergence on anomalous moisture (i.e., the mixed term) weakens {L}a {N}ina dry and strengthens {E}l {N}ino wet anomalies, in particular during extreme {E}l {N}ino events when it contributes to about 40% of the eastern {P}acific wet anomalies. {O}verall, atmospheric nonlinearities directly account for similar to 70% of the positively skewed {ENSO} rainfall distribution east of the date line, and similar to 50% of the negatively skewed rainfall distribution in the western {P}acific. {T}he remaining {ENSO} rainfall asymmetries are attributable to the asymmetrical {ENSO} {SST} pattern. {T}his asymmetrical {SST} pattern also has contributions from atmospheric nonlinearities through the {B}jerknes feedback loop, in addition to those from oceanic nonlinearities. {O}ur estimates are thus likely a lower bound of the contribution of atmospheric nonlinearities to the overall {ENSO} rainfall asymmetry.},
  keywords = {{T}ropics ; {R}ainfall ; {B}udgets ; {A}tmosphere-ocean interaction ; {ENSO} ; {I}dealized models ; {PACIFIQUE} ; {ZONE} {TROPICALE} ; {MONDE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{J}ournal of {C}limate},
  volume = {35},
  numero = {12},
  pages = {3725--3745},
  ISSN = {0894-8755},
  year = {2022},
  DOI = {10.1175/jcli-d-21-0257.1},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010085263},
}