@article{fdi:010082296,
  title = {{A}larming coastal vulnerability of the deltaic and sandy beaches of {N}orth {A}frica},
  author = {{H}zami, {A}. and {H}eggy, {E}. and {A}mrouni, {O}. and {M}ah{\'e}, {G}il and {M}aanan, {M}. and {A}bdeljaouad, {S}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}he arid coasts of {N}orth {A}frica, extending over 4633 km from the {G}ulf of {T}unis to the {N}ile {D}elta, are undergoing pronounced shoreline retreats and coastal floodings that are reported as a consequence of the ongoing sea level rise resulting from global warming. {O}f particular interest are the abnormal shoreline dynamics for deltaic and sandy beaches, which are severely impacted by abrupt decadal variabilities in both climatic and anthropogenic drivers resulting in their increased vulnerability to disturbances from coastal hazards. {U}nfortunately, the evolution, distribution and impacts of these drivers remain largely unquantified, let alone understood, for these extensive arid coasts that harbor the major portion of {N}orth {A}frica's population as well as unique and fragile marine ecosystems. {T}o address this deficiency, we use {GIS}-based multi-criteria approaches combined with analytic hierarchy process to map the {C}oastal {V}ulnerability {I}ndex and the {S}ocioeconomic {V}ulnerability {I}ndex along these coasts to investigate the amplitude and extent of shoreline deterioration resulting from sudden fluctuations in sediment transport to the coastline. {W}e use the western bay of the {G}ulf of {T}unis, the coasts of {T}ripoli and the {N}ile {D}elta as three validation sites for our vulnerability assessment. {T}he statistical {I}ntegrated {C}oastal {V}ulnerability {I}ndex map reveals that 47% of arid {N}orth {A}frican coasts are characterized by high to very high vulnerability. {I}n particular, we observe that the densely populated deltaic coasts in both {T}unisia and {E}gypt are 70% more vulnerable than any others coast in the eastern {M}editerranean {B}asin. {T}hese abnormally high-vulnerability extensive areas are also correlated with significant deterioration of coastal aquifers and hence in crop production, compromising local food security and resulting in increasing outflow migration trends. {B}oth {T}unisia and {E}gypt observed dramatic increases in the net population outflow migration by respectively 62% and 248% between 2000 and 2016, mostly from coastal areas. {O}ur source analysis of the amplitude and extent of these high coastal vulnerabilities suggests that they result from the anthropogenic drivers of damming and rapid urban growth over the last few decades rather than the effects of global warming.},
  keywords = {{AFRIQUE} {DU} {NORD} ; {TUNISIE} ; {EGYPTE} ; {MEDITERRANEE} ; {LIBYE} ; {TRIPOLI} ; {TUNIS} {GOLFE} ; {NIL} {DELTA}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{S}cientific {R}eports - {N}ature},
  volume = {11},
  numero = {1},
  pages = {2320 [16 ]},
  ISSN = {2045-2322},
  year = {2021},
  DOI = {10.1038/s41598-020-77926-x},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010082296},
}